year, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, a deposit of graphite (black carbon) was found in

Borrowdale, Cumbria. It was so solid and uniform that it could be sawn into sheets and cut

into thin square sticks. Not much chemistry was known in 1564, so the material was called

plumbago, or something which is like lead. The graphite of the Borrowdale mines was the

only deposit ever found, and had a huge value. It was only mined six weeks per year. It had

to be escorted by armed guards in wagons to London and was illegal to export of the ore.

The wooden cases were handmade by the English Guild of Pencilmakers, who in turn held a

plumbago and proved it to be a form of carbon, not of lead; still it was not until 1789, when

Few pencils were made in early America, but the period from the Civil War to the

ContJ, an officer in Napoleon's army, was commissioned to develop a satisfactory

ground ore into usable sticks. The problem was prabably first solved by the germans

It wasn't until 1795 that the Geramns process was finally discovered. War had cut

1856, and has pioneered the invention and perfection of the many kinds of pencil we use

turn of the ninteenth century saw the development of the country's pencil industry to

substitute. The young inventor mixed powdered graphite with clay and fired the mixture

every corner of the globe and sending its finished pencils out again to give the

Some common words found in the essay are:
Alfred Berol, Guild Pencilmakers, Jacques ContJ, Borrowdale Cumbria, AG Werner, Civil War, KW Scheele, Queen Elizabeth, English German, , graphite clay, industry international, pencil industry international, pencil industry, found world,
Approximate Word count = 527
Approximate Pages = 2 (250 words per page double spaced)