TESTABLE QUESTION: HOW AND WHY DO DIFFERENT BATTERY TYPES FAIL AT EXTREME TEMPERATURES?

The battery's origins may be followed back to very ancient times. We know that many of the "wise men" could have been exploring and testing electricity. For example, a clay vase, thought to be several thousand years old, was discovered in 1932 near Baghdad. It contained an iron rod inserted into a thin copper cylinder, which may have served to hold static electricity. Although we may never know the truth, it still makes one wonder if the ancients actually did try to harness static electricity.

Whether their predecessors who assembled the clay vase knew anything about static electricity or not, we know for certain that the ancient Greeks did. They knew if a piece of amber was rubbed, it would attract light weight objects. And Aristotle knew about the lodestone, a strongly magnetic ore that attracts iron and metals. Theses two facts prove that the Greek's had the thought process to extrapolate theories and ideas from simple experiments, thus leading many to believe that they had a bas

From research that I have been conducting I have pieced together this hypothesis: Once the battery's temperature rises the EMF will increase, the when temperature continues to rise the EMF will fall, when the temperature decreases the battery's EMF will decrease rapidly.

Finally in the 1860's, George Leclanche of France developed what would be the precursor of the world's first widely used battery: the zinc carbon cell. The anode was a zinc and mercury alloyed rod. Zinc, which was the anode in Volta's original cell, proved to be one of the best metals for this job. The cathode was a porous cup of crushed manganese dioxide and some carbon. Into the mix a carbon rod was inserted to act as the current collector. Both the anode and the cathode cup were plunged into a liquid solution of ammonium chloride, which acted as the electrolyte. The system was called a "wet cell."

2. Use batteries in different temperatures outside.

The battery being the basis of this research investigation needs to be defined and explained. A battery, also referred to as an electric cell, is a device that converts chemical energy into electricity. Batteries consist of two or more cells connected in series or parallel, mean they are either connected head to tail or head-to-head and tail-to-tail. All cells consist of a liquid, paste, or solid electrolyte and a positive electrode, and a negative electrode. The electrolyte is an ionic conductor; one of the electrodes will react, producing electrons, while the other will accept electrons. When the electrodes are connected to a device to be powered, called a load, an electrical current flows.

It is a commonly known problem that batteries tend to fail when exposed to extreme temperatures. The problem first arose when man started exploring the outer limits of the earth's atmosphere. Batteries not able to withstand extreme temperature cannot be changed so as to be able to withstand them; however, certain batteries have been made specifically to withstand those temperatures and are currently in use by NASA, other Government, and some commercial applications. Once an object leaves the earth's ground, geothermal heat no longer has a significant impact on its temperature, and therefore must either rely on its own heat or direct sunlight. Space is a great example of this problem and, objects traveling nearer to the sun, or in the suns rays receive high amounts of heat, while objects that are not in the suns rays are extremely cold. The National Aeronautics & Space Administration or NASA was one of the first to tackle this problem.

1. Measure at different temperature the voltage output of a battery.

Close behind Sir Humphrey Davy's battery experiments, Michael

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Approximate Word count = 1824
Approximate Pages = 7 (250 words per page double spaced)