daoism
Especially over the 7th, 8th and early 9th centuries CE, East Asia was dominated by the great Tang China Empire, which is shown covering the whole area of ethnic China, plus Annam (northern Vietnam) to the south and the Tarim Basin in central Asia (shown gold outlined in the map below). At this time neighboring Japan and Korea were also deeply influenced by the patterns and technologies of Chinese Confucian civilization. Tang rule began in China in 618 CE, when the Tang dynasty solidified the reunification of China, which under the Han (206 BCE - 220 CE) had first created successful Confucian imperial rule. Tang reunification confirmed both the importance of Confucianism as the best way to get stable, effective rule and the dominance of centralized Chinese states (when at their strongest) over the rest of East Asia. Internally, Chinese rule and society was based first and foremost on Confucianism. Confucianism had at its core the ideas of the man known in history as Confucius, who lived in the 6th and 5th centuries BCE. Confucianism is not a religion; rather it is a philosophy concerned with how best to organize and run a stable, fair, successful society. Confucius believed that the best society and government was one in whic
The Travels of Marco Polo trans., W. Marsden , rev. Manuel Komroff Washburn University Instructors Background Essay- "12th Century Eurasia In the Chinese language the word tao means "way," indicating a way of thought or life. There have been several such ways in China's long history, including Confucianism and Buddhism. In about the 6th century BC, under the influence of ideas credited to a man named Lao-tzu, Taoism became "the way". like Confucianism, it has influenced every aspect of Chinese culture. >From Compton's Living Encyclopedia (America online) Taoism started as a combination of psychology and philosophy but evolved into a religious faith in 440 CE when it was adopted as a state religion. At that time Lao-Tse became popularly venerated as a deity. Taoism, along with Buddhism and Confucianism, became one of the three great religions of China. Confucianism commanded a greater following some 200 years later, during the time of Mencius, or Meng-tzu (371-289 BC). He was second only to Confucius himself in shaping Confucianism. His three main tenets were the basic good nature of human beings, the notion of society with a distinct distribution of functions, and the ruler's obligation to the people. On the last point, Mencius elaborated on the concept of the mandate of heaven, which allows that rulers lose support of heaven when they cease to be virtuous. The concept served as the basis of revolts in China and the succession of new rulers. feet would begin to be wrapped in long strips of cloth, intended to prevent their further normal growth. Her big toe would be left out for balance, but her small toes would be turned under and bent back towards her heel. The resulting "golden lily" ideally would be only 3 inches; it was usually regarded as a failure if the bound foot was more thatn 6 inches. (Footbinding would continue to spread in China from the Song era on, only beginning to decline in the later 19th century, and finally ending completely under the Communist regime.)
Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 2468
Approximate Pages = 10 (250 words per page double spaced)
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