The transition from Research and Development (R&D) to Operations faces many issues and problems that companies have to solve. At a glance, one might think that it would be simple, just transfer the innovation that R&D created to the operations department for marketing. In reality, this rarely happens and I will point out many barriers that come up when the innovation is ready to be transferred. An example I will point out is the F-22 raptor, once created, then getting the U.S. Military to purchase it from the competition. I will point out the technical barriers first that arise from the R&D department.

First technical know-how cannot be transferred purely on paper. It is virtually impossible to completely document exhaustive detailed unambiguous and error-free specifications for a project. Much of the experience and insight built up by solving the problems and overcoming the "bugs" endemic to successful project progression can never be meaningful documented on paper. So people must transfer technology, because scaling up products to the prototype level, within cost limits, almost inev

4. July 1986- Air Force awards contracts to Pratt & Whitney and General Electric for the ATF prototype engines.

F-22 from Lockheed/Boeing to be the more balanced design and preferred the Lockheed industrial team.

provided a long experience with developing naval fighter and attack aircraft, plus stealth and fighter R&D expertise. In April 1991, after more than four years of development work and an extensive flight-test program, the Air Force picked the Lockheed/Boeing F-22 for full-scale development as the next Air Force air-superiority fighter. The Air Force considered the Northrop/Grumman/LTV F-23 fighter as outstanding, but believed the

itably involves technical design and performance changes to the original inventive concept. Another

1. Martin, J. C., (1994). Managing innovation and entrepreneurship in Technology-Based Firms. Dalhousie University: Whiley-Interscience.

Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 1531
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page double spaced)