AIDS is the final, life-threatening stage of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The name refers to the fact that HIV severely damages the immune system, the body's most important defence against disease. Cases of AIDS were first identified in 1981, in the United States, but researchers have detected HIV in a specimen collected in 1959 in central Africa. Millions of AIDS cases have been diagnosed worldwide.

Cause. Two viruses that belong to a group called retroviruses cause aids. Researchers in France isolated the first AIDS virus in 1983 and in the United States in 1984. The virus became known as HIV-1. In 1985, scientists in France identified another closely related virus that also produces AIDS. This virus, named HIV-2, occurs mainly in Africa. HIV-1 occurs throughout the world.

HIV infects certain white blood cells, including T-helper cells and macrophages, that play key roles in the immune system (Parts

Defects occur as the heart of a baby develops during the first few weeks of the mother's pregnancy. The unborn baby gets all its oxygen and nutrients from the mother's body. Blood circulates oxygen and nutrients through the baby's body to the right side of its heart. However, blood does not enter the infant's lungs because they cannot oxygenate it. Instead, blood travels from the pulmonary artery to the aorta through a channel called the ductus arteriosus, or simply ductus. The lungs begin to function at birth. The ductus closes, and blood begins to circulate to the lungs.

In Type I diabetes, the more serious form of the disease, the symptoms may occur suddenly. Type I diabetes usually strikes young people but can also occur in adults of any age. It hits some people so suddenly that the lack of insulin causes an emergency condition called diabetic ketoacidosis. The symptoms of this condition are excessive urination and thirst, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and rapid deep breathing. It is vital that someone with these symptoms receives immediate treatment. If the victim does not receive attention immediately, he or she may go into a state of diabetic coma, which can lead to death.

HIV commonly causes a severe "wasting syndrome," resulting in substantial weight loss, a general decline in health, and eventual death. In many patients, the virus infects the brain and nervous system, and may cause dementia; a condition characterized by sensory, thinking, or memory disorders. HIV infection of the brain may also cause movement or coordination problems.

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