By defining addiction, one sees the psychological effects, as well as the physical effects drugs and alcohol can portray in a individual's life. Addiction is a physical and psychological dependence on a substance or behavior. It begins by using something to feel good. The addiction seems to "help" the person to avoid painful feelings. Over time, the person feels less pleasure, and more addicted. Eventually, the addiction leads to a feeling of "I don't care, as long as I can...", even when the effects are devastating to the addicted person or others. (Arnot Ogden Medical Center, 1998)

So, the next step is to come up with some sort of technique in order to help someone climb out of ruts of addiction. In order to leave behind the addictive behavior, as well as the consequences of the addictive behavior, a person must in a way, chang

The third principle to this type of therapy is called support self-efficacy. According to Miller and Rollnick (1991), self-efficacy refers to a person's belief in his or her "ability" to carry out and succeed with a specific task. In this case, addiction to a chemical substance or a drug. Miller and

These changes bring forth yet another theory behind motivational interviewing, which is the motivation of the client to change their behavior. In the early days it was acceptable to abuse alcoholics and drug addicts. Today, this is simply not the case. Motivational interviewing gives the client hope and a new direction on life by them being able to make their own choices and actively participate in their treatment.

In addition to all of these principles and stages of motivational interviewing, there are also the stages of change. It is crucial that the principles and stages involved in this process are implemented along with the notification of the changes the individual has made.

The second principle behind motivational thinking is for the counselor to express empathy. According to Miller and

These five broad principles of motivational interviewing put forth the general "philosophy" behind this technique of therapy to be used in accordance with addicted individuals. The goal of motivational interviewing is to simply help the individual crawl out of the hole they have dug themselves into, cover it up, and start all over again.

e the behavior they exhibit. With this, motivational interviewing comes into play.

Another trap identified with motivational interviewing is the labeling trap. This takes place when a counselor attempts to convince a client they are an "alcoholic" or an "addict", thus labeling them as such (Rollnick, Heather, & Bell, 1992, p.25-26).

Another trap that a counselor might fall into is called the confrontation/denial trap. According to Miller and Rollnick, this is the most important trap to avoid, however it is hard to do so because it can catch you off guard and can happen at any stage in the counseling process. This particular trap is defined as a situation whereas the client denies they have a problem and has an argument for everything the counselor may suggest. Two of the central strategies surrounding motivational interviewing, reflective listening and self motivation, are good approaches for preventing this problem form happening (Miller & Rollnick, 1991). It is also suggested that these strategies are helpful when dealing with resistance.

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