Napoleonic Era & Effect On France
Napoleon used ideas from the French Revolution (1789-1799) to help him dictate France, expand French territories, increase French power, and change the government of France into something which he felt gave people more power. He was a military genius, never fighting two battles with the same way and he wanted to prove to all of Europe that he could not only be a conqueror but a great leader as well. During the Napoleonic Era, which took place from 1799-1815, Napoleon took France under his complete control through the ideas of the French revolution. Napoleon also fought many great wars and battles that employed many of his great ideas for government in order to rule his future empire. Through the use of these two aspects, Napoleon Bonaparte was able to create an empire, which impacted three areas consisting of individualism, secularism, and nationalism. He had gone into Italy in 1795 in order to free the Milanese from Austrian rule. He was successful and he later made himself head of the Italian government but the Italians later resisted Napoleon so he left Italy. He signed the Treaty of Campo Formio, which gave France control of some Austrian land. Napoleon had gone into Egypt in 179
8 with an army and although he was not successful, it is said that it was a propaganda triumph for France. At this time the English had control of the water around Egypt, thus controlled a great deal of trade from Egypt and Asian countries such as India. Napoleon wished to break these trade routes that Great Britain had by taking control of the port of Malta. At this time Egypt was under the control of the Turkish Empire and were being ruled by the Mamelukes, who were not at all afraid of Napoleon and his army due to the fact that they were famous for their courage, pride, and cruelty. Despite the win at Aboukir, Napoleon suffered great lo! me battles for France but after his departure the fighting continued for another five years leaving General Jerot in charge. This was the most brutal of all the wars France was in under Napoleon. Prisoners that were captured by either the Spaniards or the French were all tortured and viciously mutilated. The British were backing Spanish armies. This war at the end cost France 300,000 casualties and great deal of money. The actions by Napoleon in this war contributed to the weakening of the Napoleonic Empire and started his decline in power. Although Napoleon was involved in many great battles, the Battle of Ulm, the Battle of Austerlitz, the Battle of Jena, and the Battle of Friedland were some of his more famous battles. Hutt, Maurice. Napolean. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1972 "PBS Inc." 1995-2000. http://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/flash/fl_home.html The Russian Campaign in 1812 was the one of the final blows to Napoleon. Napoleon decided to invade Russia because they were trading with Britain, something that went against Napoleon's wish to bare trade with his archenemies, the British. Ignoring his closet of advisors, Napoleon took his largest army of 600,000 men from all over Europe into Russia. Russia's army was running from the French army but they were burning everything they left behind, leaving the Cossacks, Russian peasants, behind to hack at the Bonaparte's army. The summer of 1812 was the cause of the loss of more than 5,000 French soldiers a day. Walking through the open countryside took a toll of 150,000 men without involvement in any actual battle. Finally the Russians faced their enemies and at the village of Borodino. The Russians had lost in approximately 9 hours but refused to make peace with Napoleon who now had Moscow at his mercy. When Napoleon got to Moscow it began to burn. The Russians had b! Campaign, which would be his final campaign. Although the people of France welcomed him, the allies, now joined by England, once again dealt him a defeat. On June 22, 1815 he was forced to exile again. He was sent into exile far from Europe and he would never hold power again. He reconstructs his actions to justify his choices, to say that he was the savior of the revolution, to say that he wanted peace, to say that he wanted a new world and that the kings of Europe were opposed to a modern man, a man of action who was working for the good of the people (PBS Inc., http://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/flash/n_politic/legacy/page_1.html November 2000). Barnett, Corelli. Bonaparte. New York: Hill & Wang. 1978 France was having many problems with the Roman Catholic Church at this time and in order to gain domestic tranquility with Pope Pius VII Napoleon issued an agreement called the Concordat. The Concordat didn't make Catholicism the official religion of France but it made it the dominated religion. Nevertheless he perceived that the key to the mind of the French nation lay in the Church, for despite all the anti-religious persecution under the atheistic governments of the Revolution, France as whole remained devoutly Catholic; and, as Bonaparte once wrote, it was religion that directed the human conscience. (Barnett 1978, 86) Napoleon had done many things at this time to help make France the most powerful and sophisticated co
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Approximate Word count = 2969
Approximate Pages = 12 (250 words per page double spaced)
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