Pakistan was established in 1947, as West and East Pakistan, and created out of Northern India where the Muslim majority was firmly rooted2. As in most in most countries, Pakistan draws influence from class distinction, ethnic differences, and religious heritage. Pakistan has been deeply influenced by North India, while each providence had its own unique musical identity. In its fledgling state, Pakistan groped for a national identity to which its populace could rally around. In the eyes o

Within the musical tradition of Pakistan, dancing has a small, yet important, role. Three recognized folk and spiritual exist: The Dhamal, Zikr, and Chogan. The dhamal is a spiritual dance, which has many qualities similar to the dance of the dervishes. It is a dancing of spinning and concentration. The saint Qalandar, was said to be a practionar of this dance, and was considers to be a qalandar. A qalandar "is one who is free from social and customary inhibitions and taboos, who lives a life of detachment from the world." On the anniversary of Qalandar's death, pilgrims try, through dancing and music, to reach the highly spiritual state of the saint. The Zikr is a Sufi devotional practice of dance and music that include reaching spiritual bliss via controlled breathing and the repetition of formulaic phrases praising God. Another religious dance of Pakistan is the Chogan, a dance performed by the Zikri sect of Islam. The dance is named due to the place where the!

Divine protector, veiling the believer's sins (Allah)

Alison Arnold. Vol. 5. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 2000. 751-754.

pread folk music. As the politics of Pakistan shifted toward socialism, the government increased its efforts in preserving the regional music traditions of the country. Taking advantage of tape cassette technology, the government and its cultural institutions began to spread not only classical and regional music, but religious "music" as well7.

3 Qureshi, "Music, the State, and Islam." 746

tribute to the musical tradition in Punjab, and four are of particular interest. The Putlivala are a people who specialize in puppeteering. Traveling similar to a circus, although not nearly as big, small bands of Putlivala put on performances in villages using borrowed props from the locals. A male puppeteer provides the "dialogue" of the puppets using a small reed whistle. A woman singing popular songs while simultaneously playing a small drum, the dholak, also accompanies the performance. Yet another interesting ethnic group, are the Chatu. The artists of this group play out of brothels, operating a pimp and prostitute operation with musical talents. The women, not surprisingly, dance, and are called Kanjri. The men, on the other hand, play only instruments, primarily the tabla and harmonium, and make sure the needs of the Kanjri are properly protected and cared for. The Qalandar are interesting in the aspect that they perform with the accompaniment of animals such!

Some common words found in the essay are:
Islam Islam, North Indian, Pakistan Chogan, Lok Virsa's, India Afghanistan, Radio Pakistan, Ganj Bakhsh, North India, Zikr Chogan, Allah Lord, music islam, qureshi music, religious music, world music, south asia, qureshi music islam, indian subcontinent, subcontinent ed alison, ed alison, music south, subcontinent ed, asia indian, asia indian subcontinent, indian subcontinent ed, music south asia,
Approximate Word count = 2261
Approximate Pages = 9 (250 words per page double spaced)