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The depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory has been replicated in this experiment. According to this theory, words that are processed more deeply will produce higher recall rates than words that have not been processed on a deeper level. Forty undergraduate college students of different age, sex and background were tested using three levels of processing. Participants had to quickly respond by hitting Yes/No keys on the keyboard if they had previously seen the words flashed on the computer monitor. A paired t-test was used and it showed a significant difference between the three compared groups. The results of this experiment show that words that had the highest recognition scores were at the level of processing that involved, Is the word in the category____? The other two levels of processing that were tested, namely, Does the word rhyme with_____? and Is the word in capital letters? had smaller recognition rates. This finding is consistent !with the hypothesis that the deeper the level of processing, the more the participants will remember the words and recall them later. Depth of Processing and the Retention of Words Depth of processing and the retention of words refers
to the notion that episodic memory is an automatic by-product of operations carried out by the cognitive system and the strength of the memory is based on the depth of processing. Depth of processing refers to the greater degrees of semantic involvement. Semantic memory is explicit memory for information not tied mentally to a particular event. It includes knowledge of word meanings in connection with one's general understanding of the world and concept representation of schemas and scripts. (1) Caps - Rhyming 30 .002 The study conducted by Nelson, Bennett, Gee, Schreiber and McKinney (1993) is relevant to our experiment because they studied whether recall of a recently studied word is affected by how many associates it has on ling-term memory (set size). They found that the smaller the sets of associates, which are highly interconnected, produced greater recall rates. We can generalize this finding to our experiment because if, for instance a word like DEER was presented, it has several close associates like BEAR and LION, just to name a few. Implicit memory is unconsciously activated in order for the subject to bring into memory the target word's associates. The subject is unaware that this automatic process occurs. In the test phase of the experiment, when the subject is asked if he or she sees this item in a forest, and the word BEAR is flashed on the screen, the subject can falsely hit the Yes button on the keyboard because the word BEAR is closely associated with the target word! (as cited in Hunt & Kernan, 1992) where depth of processing deals with the encoding and representation of information. It proposes that when central information departs from an activated schema, a deeper and more elaborate analysis is taken to explain the deviance. Recall of both typical and atypical information is therefor enhanced. Results of this study showed that atypical or unusual information requires deeper processing of the entire message, implying that associative-network memory structure is taking place. Therefore, unexpected information enhances memory for both typical and atypical messages. This study is relevant to our experiment because an atypical word like urle was presented, which many participants did not know the meaning of, it departed from an activated schema and subjects were better able to recall it in a later level of processing test. hat semantically processed words had a higher rate of recall than shallowly processed words when the conditions were blocked than when they were mixed on the study list. A similar result was found for conceptually driven implicit task as well; but they failed to show such a pattern with data-driven and conceptually-driven explicit tasks. (1) (2) (3) Nelson, D. L., Bennett, D. J., Gee, N. R., Schreiber, T. A., & McKinney, V. M. (1993). Implicit memory: Effects of network size and interconnectivity on cued recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 747-764. Meyer, D. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence of retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90, 227-234. df________significance level______ re typical than atypical messages as having appeared in the message. On the other hand, atypical messages seem to involve a deeper level of processing (Hunt & Kernan, 1984). The independent variable of our experiment was the depth of processing. The dependent variable was the amount of words recognized. The hypothesis was the deeper the processing, the more you will remember the words and recognize them later. A paired t-test was performed and the results were:
Some common words found in the essay are:
Schreiber McKinney, Thapar Greene, Gracsser Nakamura, Schreiber McKinney's, Hunt Kernan, Procedure Participants, , INSERT TABLE, Words Depth, Thapar's Greene's, level processing, depth processing, bennett gee, nelson bennett, bennett gee schreiber, nelson bennett gee, gee schreiber, gee schreiber mckinney, schreiber mckinney, mckinney 1993, schreiber mckinney 1993, hunt kernan, implicit memory, typical atypical, word capital letters,
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