last note was sung. The telegraph from Washington had been too late. It arrived at headquarters in Oahu around noon (Hawaiian time), four long hours after the first bombs were dropped. There is no

Before entering World War II, Japan had many other problems to deal with. Japan is naturally isolated because of their location. It wasn't until 1853 when U.S. naval officer Matthew C. Perry arrived in Japan that the opening of trade with the West began. In addition to isolation Japan also has very few natural resources. Japan relies on other nations for raw materials, especially oil. Despite these difficulties, Japan began to build a successful empire with a solid industrial foundation and a good army and navy. The military became highly involved in the government, and this began to get them into trouble. In the early 1930's, the Japanese Army had many small, isolated battles with the Chinese in Manchuria. The Japanese Army prevailed in the series of battles, and Manchuria became a part of the Japanese political system. In 1937, the conflicts began again with the Chinese in the area near Beijing's Marco Polo Bridge. These led to a full-scale war known as the second Sino-Ja!

The war might have been inevitable but the attack on Pearl Harbor could have been prevented. The United States had deciphered many Japanese codes. One of these codes was the Purple Code; the top Japanese diplomatic machine cipher that used automatic telephone switches to separately and differently enciphers each character sent. It was cracked by 331 men of the Army Signal Intelligence Service.

n order to gain the mineral wealth they needed. The reason the Japanese decided to attack the United States was a fear that in absence of any negotiation, the U.S. might decide to get involved in the Pacific struggle, and although a weaker force compared to the Japanese, had the ability to greatly hamper Japanese advances. An attack on the Pacific fleet, it was believed, would cripple the U.S. long enough to allow the Japanese to consolidate their gains in the Pacific. Combined with the Nazi conquest of Europe, the United States would then face an insurmountable task of ousting the Japanese and Germans at the

But can the U.S. embargo against Japan be considered an act of war? Obviously an embargo does not force anyone to fight directly. The U.S. embargo

Another code was J-19. This was the main Japanese diplomatic codebook. This columnar code was cracked. Also cracked was JN-25 - The Japanese Fleet's Cryptographic System, a.k.a. 5 number code. JN stands for Japanese Navy, introduced June 1, 1939. This was a very simple old-type codebook system used by the American Army and Navy in 1898 and abandoned in 1917 because it was insecure. Version A has a dictionary of 5,600 numbers, words and phrases, each given as a five-figure number. These were super-enciphered by addition to random numbers contained in a second codebook. The dictionary was only changed once before Pearl Harbor (PH) on Dec 1, 1940, to a slightly larger version B but the random book was changed every 3 to 6 months- last on Aug 1. The Japanese blundered away the code when they introduced JN25-B by continuing to use, for 2 months, random books that had been previously solved by the Allies. That was the equivalent of handing over the JN-25B codebook. It was child's p!

Other then the codes, the United States government under President Franklin D. Roosevelt had other warning signs that an attack was imminent. For example, on November 26, at 3 A.M. Churchill sent an urgent secret message to FDR. This message caused the greatest agitation in DC. Of Churchill's voluminous correspondence with FDR, this is the only message that has not been released (on the grounds that it would damage national security). C.I.A. Director William Casey, who was in the OSS in 1941, in his book The Secret War Against Hitler, wrote "The British had sent word that a Japanese fleet was steaming east toward Hawaii." President Roosevelt ordered both US aircraft carriers, the Enterprise and the Lexington out of Pearl Harbor "as soon as possible". This order included stripping Pearl Harbor of 50 planes or 40 percent of it

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Approximate Word count = 2908
Approximate Pages = 12 (250 words per page double spaced)