In tropical regions of Africa, frequently subject to social and political upheavals, there is a present threat of typhus epidemics, as shown by the recent typhus outbreak in Burundi in 1997. Epidemic typhus should be expected in certain conditions such as: famine, war, high-density populations (refugee camps, prisons), the presence of body louse in the clothing, and in the presence of certain clinical findings. Symptoms include severe infectious syndrome (temperature above 38° C), severe pain and muscle weakness, with coughing and severe neurological signs. The rapid diagnosis and treatment of typhus are e
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