James Monroe, the author of the Monroe Doctrine, was the fifth President of the United States and one of the last presidents from Virginia; some historians even call him the last of the cocked hats. After two years at the College of William and Mary, Monroe went off to fight in the American Revolution. Monroe fought in the Battle of Trenton and was even one of the heroes of the battle. After earning the respect of George Washington, Monroe studied law under Thomas Jefferson, who was the governor of Virginia at the time. Monroe's ascension up the political ladder began in 1782, when he served on the Virginia legislature. After serving on the on the Virginia legislature, Monroe held the following positions: delegate to the Continental Congress, member of the Virginia ratifying convention, United States Senator, minister to France, governor of Virginia, one of the leaders of the Democratic-Republican party, secretary of war, and President of the United States of America. M!

Thomas Jefferson on the Monroe Doctrine

As a result of the Monroe Doctrine, there was strong disposition against the document, mostly from France and Austria. Both countries were appalled with the strong language coming from such a weak country like the United States. King Ferdinand of Spain did not even look at the Monroe Doctrine.

The administration of U.S. President Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) openly espoused the Monroe Doctrine once again as it resisted Communism in the Americas. This reaffirmed the original intent of the Monroe Doctrine to prevent European expansion in the Americas. Despite this position, Reagan supported Britain's claim to the Falkland Islands off the coast of Argentina in 1982.

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In the 1920s and the 1930s, the United States reduced the doctrine's scope by favoring action in concert with the other American republics. The Platt Amendment, which was part of the U.S. treaty with Cuba in 1903 and which provided for U.S. involvement in the rule of Cuba, was revoked in 1934. This emphasis on acting with other nations, or Pan-Americanism, continued during and after World War II with the Act of Chapultepec (1945) and the Rio Pact (1947), which declared that an attack on one American nation was an attack on all. The formation of the Organization of American States in 1948 was designed to achieve the aims of the Monroe Doctrine through Pan-Americanism. Subsequently, however, fear of Communism in Latin America prompted the United States to return to unilateral actions against Guatemala (1954), Cuba (1961), and the Dominican Republic (1965), without consulting its Latin American allies.

The United States and Europe, 1815-1823

As a component of foreign policy, the Monroe Doctrine has had considerable effect and has had strong support in the United States, in part because it has promoted U.S. interests. The doctrine has served other American nations, too, particularly because it asserts their right to independence. Because the doctrine as originally formulated made no clear distinction between the interests of the United States and those of its neighbors, however

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