After losing the Battle of Britain in 1940, Germany tried to defeat Britain by sinking its merchant shipping and starving the people. This was mainly the task of the Navy's U-boats (Submarines) and their commander, Admiral Donitz. In 1936 Germany had signed an agreement that Merchant Navy personnel must be safeguarded before their ships were sunk, but Hitler and Donitz didn't stop their attacks.
As the passage of the Channel was closed to the U-boats, they had to reach their hunting -grounds in the North Atlantic by making the long and dangerous northward voyage around the Orkneys, and this limited their operational period conside
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