Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (or Napoleone in French) was born on the 15th of August 1769 in Ajaccio on the Mediterranean island of Corsica, just three months after it had been defeated by the French. He was the second child of eight children of Carlo (Charles) and Letizia Ramolino Bonaparte (or Buonaparte), both of Corsican-Italian gentry. Through his father's influence, Napoleon was educated at the expense of King Louis XVI, at Brienne and the École Militaire, in Paris. Napoleon sat foot in France for the first time in the winter of 1778, a thin, washed-out nine year-old, used to the warmth of the Mediterranean. He was barely able to speak French. At the age of fifteen, Napoleon was promoted to the Royal Military Academy in Paris. At sixteen, he began his apprenticeship as a lowly second lieutenant, training with the best artillery in the French army. His ambitions soared way beyond a military career, but in French society- power and achievement was reserved for the nobility, and not for an unsophisticated Corsican soldier.After the outbreak of the French Revolution he attempted to join the Corsican patriots led by Pasquale Paoli, but his family was believed to be pro-French. His family was condemned for its
Napoleon promoted the growth of the modern state through his administrative and legal reforms, and his changes in the map of Europe inspired movements for national unification. However, his use of such ruthless police chiefs to suppress all opposition, if fairly gentle by 20th-century standards, set an threatening example. More or less, false sayings and stories about Napoleon, are as many as the books written about him. It seemed as if his career spurred almost overnight by a single political event. In the October of 1795, the Convention was attacked by a royalist Parisian uprising, and Paul Barras convinced the Convention to put Bonaparte in-charge of the troops. Napoleon dispersed the mob with what he called a "whiff of grapeshot" -which killed about 100 of the rebels. He was given command of the army. After drawing up a plan for an Italian campaign, he was once again, with Barras's help, made commander in-chief of the Italian army. Napoleon's stepson, Eugene de Beauharnais, was made (1805) viceroy of Italy, and a third brother, Joseph Bonaparte, became king of Naples. In 1808, Napoleon made Joseph king of Spain after getting the resignation of Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII; in Naples, Joseph was replaced with Marshal Joachim Murat, who was married to Napoleon's sister Caroline. Another Napoleonic marshal, Jean Bernadotte, became heir to the Swedish throne in 1810. At the same time as he was establishing his rule at home, Napoleon also had to deal with France's enemies (1800), crossing the St. Bernard pass and defeating (June 14) the Austrians at Marengo, Italy. With the Treaty of Luneville (1801) with Austria and the Treaty of Amiens (1802) with Great Britain, the Second Coalition was ended and France became the supreme nation on the Continent. Napoleon's dreams and hopes were still not satisfied. In August of 1802, a vote approved his becoming first consul for life; a changed constitution, came into force. In that same year, he included Piedmont into France.
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Approximate Word count = 2602
Approximate Pages = 10 (250 words per page double spaced)
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