The use of psychology in war is as old as war itself. In ancient Greece, Thermistocles sent his men ashore to carve messages urging the Ionians not to fight against the Athenians (Pease 3). Known as psychological warfare, it is the attempt by one nation to gain an advantage over another by exploiting fear, mistrust, suspicion, rumor, prejudice, and uncertainty to influence international opinion and/or the frame of mind of the opposing soldiers. Psychological warfare is designed to affect the enemy's mind, influencing him to take an action, even against his conscious will, favorable to his opponent (Pease xiii). The United States government employs psychological warfare, known as Psychological Operations (PSYOP), to secure national objectives in times of conflict as well as peace. They are a vital part of the broad range of U.S. political, military, economic, and ideological activities. The ultimate objective of United States military psychological operations is to convince enemy, neutral, and friendly nations and forces to take actions favorable to the United States and its interests. This is accomplished, with varied effectiveness, through several methods and techn

world will receive an additional 50,000 U.S. dollars bonus for his

50,000 U.S. dollars to any pilot who delivers a modern, operational,

"This is a message from the Americans to any jet pilot

Consolidation psychological operations are designed for use on civilians, often in a newly liberated territory. It has proven extremely valuable, aiding in convincing the population of the liberated territories that they are better off under the new government. It also ensures that the population is not a guerrilla force that will resist against American activities. Consolidation psychological operations utilize leaflets and newspapers that offer assurance, aid, and information to achieve their goal (Pease 9).

Propaganda is the material and ideas that psychological warfare and operations are designed to spread. Defined as, "the spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person," numerous tactics, techniques, and methods of spreading propaganda in psychological operations are employed (Woolf, et al 916).

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Approximate Word count = 2309
Approximate Pages = 9 (250 words per page double spaced)