According to Keith Schoppa, "China was 'everything under Heaven' (tianxia), by definition self-sufficient, and therefore needing nothing from outside (Schoppa 46)." In order to maintain this "self-sufficiency," the emperors of China established certain illustrations that depicted how a community should preserve their peaceful ways. The Kangxi and Yongzheng emperors considered Confucianism as their true religion and looked down upon other religions, such as Buddhism, which they called "heretical." In the eyes of the Kangxi and Yongzheng emperor, "to be perfectly loyal to the Ruler and to fulfill filial duty to the utmost is the whole duty of man and the means of obtaining the blessing of heaven... but sim
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