Anatomy and Physiology
One of the functions of respiration is powering of the speech production mechanism. It provides energy source for oral communication. When the volume of the chest cavity increases/expands, air is inhaled into the lungs by the way of either the mouth or nose and trachea. An increase in the volume of the chest may be affected through a downward, contracting movement of the diaphragm; through an upward, outward movement of the lower ribs; or through a combination of both. The volume of the chest cavity increases as the air pressure decreases or the volume of the chest cavity decreases as the air pressure increases (Boyle's Law). In breathing for ordinary life processes, the periods of inhalation and exhalation are approximately equal. Breathing for speech, however, usually requires a longer period of exhalation than that of inhalation. Manner of production refers to the way the speech mechanism modifies the voiced or voiceless air stream. For voiced sounds, the vocal cords are held together by the action of the arytenoid cartilages, but they are held together less tightly than for a glottal stop. When air is forced up the trachea from the lungs, at a certain pressure it is able to force its way through the vocal folds, push
To start phonation, when the vocal folds are adducted, moving them into the air stream, it is referred to as vocal attack. This is the initiation of voicing, which means the vocal folds are close enough together that the forces of turbulence can cause vocal fold vibration. This also requires muscular action. After vocal attack, the vocal folds are held in a fixed position in the air stream as the aerodynamics of phonation control the actual vibration associated with sustained phonation. This requires maintenance of a laryngeal posture through sustained tensing of musculature. The vibration of the vocal folds is achieved by placing and holding the vocal folds in the air stream in a manner that permits their physical qualities to interact with the air flow, thereby causing vibration. Finally, the vocal folds are abducted to terminate phonation. When the turbulence is sufficiently reduced, the vocal folds stop vibrating. As with attack, the termination of phonation can occur many times during running speech to accommodate voiced and voiceless sounds. When you say the utterance speech and language, the vocal folds abduct, and you say it in one breath and the air pressure is greater as you start to say the utterance. Then your breath and air pressure changes as you end the utterance, it gets weaker. The tongue, lips, and the other articulators position themselves in different ways while saying this utterance in a single breath. 3.) Bursting apart the vocal folds from the air pressure with release of a puff of compressed breath; this is when the first sound is released. The vocal folds will be abducted for the first sound which is /s/ because it is a voiceless fricative. The phoneme /l/ is a voiced (alveolar) lateral consonant, also known as the lateral. The lips are apart and neutral. The mandible is lowered for the positioning of the lips. Muscles used during this time are the anterior belly Digastric muscle, Mylohyoid muscle, Geniohyoid muscle, and External Pterygoid muscle. The muscles are innervated by the V Trigeminal Cranial nerve and/or the XII Hypoglossal Cranial nerve. The tip of the tongue and part of the blade contact the upper gum ridge behind the front teeth; other tongue positions are also possible. Elevation of the tongue tip are supplied by the Longitudinal Superior muscle and Styloglossus muscle. Both muscles are innervated by the XII Hypoglossal Cranial nerve. Elevation of the blade of the tongue utilize the Transverse Lingual muscle and Palaatoglossus muscle. Both muscles are innervated by the XII Hypoglossal Cranial nerve. The Velopharyngeal Port is closed. Muscles used for the closure are the Levator Velipalatine muscle, Superior Constrictor muscle, and Palatopharyngeus muscle. These muscles are innervated by the X Vagus Cranial nerve and/or the XI Accessory Cranial nerve. The vocal folds are adducted. Air flow is around the sides of the tongue, hence the name lateral. During phonation, the Thyroarytenoid muscle, Lateral Cricoarytenoid muscle, and the Transverse and Oblique Interarytenoids are all used. The phoneme /t / is a voiceless alveo-palatal affricate consonant. The mandible is lowered slightly. This requires the use of the Digastric muscle (anterior belly), Mylohyoid muscle, Geniohyoid muscle, and External Pterygoid muscle. These muscles are innervated by the V Trigeminal Cranial nerve and/or the XII Hypoglossal Cranial nerve. The lips are apart and neutral or slightly rounded. The muscles used include the Orbicularis Oris muscle, Mentalis, Quadratus Labii Superior and Quadratus Labii Inferior muscles. The VII Facial Cranial Nerve innervates these muscles during slight lip pursing. The elevation of the tongue tip, lateral margins, and central apical portion utilize the Superior Longitudinal muscle and Styloglossus muscle. Both muscles are innervated by the XII Hypoglossus Cranial nerve. The Velopharyngeal Port is closed. The closure includes the use
Some common words found in the essay are:
Hypoglossal Cranial, Accessory Cranial, Bernoulli Principle, Oblique Interarytenoid, Facial Cranial, Superior Constrictor, Trigeminal Cranial, cranial nerve, Velopharyngeal Port, Boyle's Law, External Pterygoid, muscles innervated, vocal folds, muscle muscles, hypoglossal cranial, xii hypoglossal cranial, hypoglossal cranial nerve, xii hypoglossal, muscle muscles innervated, muscle innervated, innervated xii, velopharyngeal port, nerve and/or, cranial nerve and/or, innervated xii hypoglossal,
Approximate Word count = 3742
Approximate Pages = 15 (250 words per page double spaced)
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