Plastic Surgery
PLASTIC SURGERY. The medical specialty of plastic surgery is concerned with the reshaping of body tissues to correct patients' disfigurements and malformations and to improve physical appearance. The word plastic comes from the Greek plastikos, meaning "to shape" or "to form." The primary objectives in plastic surgery are to restore the impaired function of damaged tissues and to produce cosmetically pleasing results. To accomplish these ends, plastic surgeons must have knowledge of the different tissues available for reconstruction, such as the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat, muscle, bone, cartilage, nerves, and tendons. They must understand the behavior of these tissues under surgical conditions and the effects of surgery on the tissues. Malformations and disfigurements generally result from congenital defects, injuries, diseases such as cancer, or surgery that requires the removal of large sections of muscle and other tissue. Common congenital defects include cleft lip or palate, which occurs when facial bones and other tissues fail to fuse during embryonic stages. Injuries that often require corrective plastic surgery include serious chemical and thermal burns and traumatic wounds suffered in wars, accidents, and na
Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery Plastic surgery dates back to 600 BC, when Hindu physicians were surgically reconstructing noses. Amputation of the nose was a common punishment for adultery. The physicians shifted a segment of cheek tissue to cover the nasal opening, thus constructing a new nose. Modern plastic surgery techniques originated after World War I as surgeons sought to repair wounds and disfigurements soldiers and civilians suffered in the war. These techniques included better facial restorations, improved artificial limbs (known as prostheses), and more successful skin grafts. The new tools of microsurgery have contributed greatly to the success of many plastic surgery operations. Using a microscope and miniature surgical instruments, surgeons can rejoin individual nerves and microscopic blood vessels. Microsurgery also can decrease the number of surgical procedures required to achieve successful reconstructive or cosmetic results with patients. In the United States plastic surgeons must complete a four-year bachelor's degree program and then enroll in medical school for another four years to earn a doctor of medicine (M.D.) degree. To be eligible for certification by the American Board of Plastic Surgery, plastic surgeons must complete three years in an approved residency program in general surgery, followed by an additional two years' residency in an approved plastic surgery program. After passing an examination that is administered by the board, they are licensed. Plastic surgery has grown rapidly as a profession since the 1930s. The American Board of Plastic Surgery, founded in 1937, emphasizes the need for general surgical training. This enables plastic surgeons to deal with the complex problems often seen in patients with severe burns, multiple injuries, and complex head and neck
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Approximate Word count = 1240
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page double spaced)
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