The Victorian period was a time when gentlemen (and sometimes ladies) of leisure embarked on adventurous escapades around the world. Many of these travelers were avid communicators, writing letters, articles, and keeping journals of their travels. All these personal interpretations of what they witnessed combined to create exotic images of distant lands for those remaining at home. Novels, plays, ballets and operettas were set in foreign locations. One of the last countries to be opened to the West was Japan.
In drama, Asian men are often portrayed as weak, feminine, and cruel while women are submission, sexual objects. This is true throughout the drama Madame Butterfly. Madame Butterfly originated from a novel written in 1887. The novel was titled Madame Chrysanthemum and was written by
John Luther Long had never been to Japan. However, his sister was the wife of a missionary in Nagasaki and wrote her brother letters filled with anecdotes about life and customs there. In one of these letters she told the story of a Japanese geisha who converted to Christianity after having been abandoned by her husband, and Long combined this "Madame Butterfly," which was published in The Century magazine in January 1898 and based on a true story. From an operatic point of view, more important than Long's failure to provide sympathetic characters is the way his plot differs on two crucial points. First, the short story fails to engage the reader's emotions because it omits any scenes of real love between the pair. Second, the reader is left with the distinct impression that Butterfly does
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