An Account of the Anatomy and Physiology of Congenital Heart
Congenital heart disease (or CHD) is a range of heart disorders, of varying degrees of severity, which are present at birth. CHD affects about eight in every one thousand live babies that are born and is caused by factors operating early in pregnancy. These factors include viral infections (e.g. Rubella), diabetes, maternal radiation and drugs (such as thalidomide, warfarin and phenytoin). CHD is also a feature of Downs syndrome (approximately 30% of sufferers have CHD) and other chromosomal defects. The ‘diseases’ include the ‘hole in the heart’ (septal defects), patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary stenosis (valve narrowing), aortic stenosis and fallots tetralogy.In the developing embryo, two endothelial tubes run in the belly and fuse in the neck region to form the single heart tube. Venous inflow and arterial outflow are at the caudal (tail) and cephalic (head) ends of the heart tube, respectively. The tube is divided into five segments: sinus venosus, atrium, ventricular inlet component, ventricular outlet component and arterial segment. During the fourth week of gestation, complex looping of the heart tube provides the basis of adult cardiac structure, with the ventricle lying beneath the atrium. The four-chambered stru
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Approximate Word count = 3145
Approximate Pages = 13 (250 words per page double spaced)
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