The current system (batch), as Licklider found, was not very efficient. The majority of the Department of Defense wanted to improve on this current format of computing, which used cards to take in code, and took a day or more to compile the code. In order for communications to expand, Licklider decided, they would have to change the entire way of computing, not just improve on the current format,

What (Larry Roberts, successor to Licklider as head of ARPA) concluded was that we had to do something about communications, and that really, the idea of the gala

While immersed in thought about the unanticipated benefit, Licklider and Albert Vezza wrote that:

This shows that Licklider had a very important impact on the way that ARPA attacked its goal of creating what Licklider called, an "intergalactic network," which would eventually change the ways of computing for the future.

The largest single surprise of the ARPANET program has been the incredible popularity and success of network mail. There is little doubt that the techniques of network mail developed in connection with the ARPANET program are going to sweep the country and drastically change the techniques used for intercommunication in the public and private sectors (Hauben, 124).

The connection of the four computers lead to another problem of making the computers understand what was being sent to them. As data passed through the phone lines from one computer to another, that data was changed a little, because each computer was running on a different operating system, and the computers were all different as well. Therefore, the scientists had to develop protocols that would allow the computers to communicate relatively error-free. The first attempt at establishing universal protocol came from the development of the Decode - Encode Language (DEL) and Network Interchange Language (NIL) (Hauben, 103). However, these programs could not be put in place, because they were too advanced for the time, and were considered an "overload" as compared with what was actually needed.

The computer machines were thought of mostly as arithmetic machines. The team at ARPA was determined to make more of the computers than just to do math. As they realized ever more that computers were capable of more than crunching number problems, ARPA went ahead and contracted four sites to help in the research of the ARPANET, a network of computers initiated, funded, and mainly controlled by ARPA. The four contracted sites were: University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); Stanford Research Institute (SRI); University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB); and the University of Utah (UTAH) (Hauben, 101). Each of these sites were nodes in a growing network that would eventually spread throughout the world. ARPA decided that they would connect all these compu

Some common words found in the essay are:
JCR Licklider, Department Defense, Larry Roberts, Host/IMP Connection, Development Protocols, Completion Report, ARPA Lukasik, ARPANET Research, ARPANET Hauben, T2 T3, department defense, arpa team, development arpanet, improve current format, history arpanet, slowness batch, errors host/imp, phone line, line arpa, improve current, phone line arpa, errors host/imp connection, current format,
Approximate Word count = 1529
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page double spaced)