sport as Jon Entine claims -- the phenomena of the birthday or age cut-off

effect. There is nothing genetic about being born in August rather than

September but it can profoundly change the odds on becoming a professional footballer or tennis player [as well as being treated for mental

sub normality or dyslexia]. The cut-off effect shows that big population

differences need not be genetic since they can arise from apparently small

environmental ones. The mere existence of different numbers of blacks and

white in a sport thus says nothing by itself about genetic advantage [that

requires evidence of correlations between differences at the individual

level between anatomy and physiological sport related traits and actual

sporting success] -- dramatic population differences could equally be due

to apparently insignificant environment factors such as date of birth.

For example, in the English FA premier league over twice as many players,

285 are born in the three months Sept-Nov as the earlier three Jun-Aug,

136. Gene wise they are the same. In a similar way, the Dutch tennis year

starts from the beginning of the calendar year: half its young leag

agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.

to produce anxiety and related poorer performance -- see Steele, C. M., &

The performance of black Americans on intellectual tests is known to relate

or August child will be competing against peers who have been speaking

children in special schools from one study (Williams, 1964: table 2). (Note

Some common words found in the essay are:
March Dudlink, August September, July August, Social Psychology, Month June, American Psychologist, English FA, Evans Ferguson, September August, Albert Bandura, black americans, black americans sport, apparently insignificant, average child, individual level, population differences, born august, age --, cut-off effect, americans sport, july august,
Approximate Word count = 860
Approximate Pages = 3 (250 words per page double spaced)