1. "What problem situation prompted Littman to write this article (Page 115, Para. 2)?"

Richard Littman states in the cited paragraph that firstly, an unjustifiably large amount of time had been dedicated to this controversial subject: motivation. The very fact that the debate had persisted for such duration signaled to him a problem. Secondly, lack of agreement among psychologists on issues of motivation gave him the inkling that none of them were probably correct on the issue. For example, disagreements in definitions and constructions arise between Maslow (Being Motivation and Deficiency Motivation), Freud (Unconscious Motivation) and Lewin (tension-system hypothesis). Although Freud's work was somewhat antiquated at the 1958 symposium, followers of his persist to this day, and doubtlessly proponents of all three theorists were present.

2. "What did Littman identify as the cause(s) of the problem (Page 115, Para 3; Page 132, Para 3)?"

According to Littman, the cause of disagreement centers around a proliferation of invented terms surrounding motivation. He is refe

The detrimental step he took was, rather than to objectively and experimentally study human behavior, he invented explanatory concepts, the id, ego, and super ego as key components among other things, and placed them inside the body. One might say this was the single most detrimental blow to modern psychology, for psychologists in succession from Erickson to present day continue to develop explanatory concepts in the same fashion. In the very worst, this very phenomenon could be responsible for the fact that, as the popular phrase resounds; psychology is "still in the dark ages," or, "still in its infancy."

9 C. "Have you read similar critical analyses of Psychology before?"

9. A and B. "What is your evaluation of Littman's critical analysis?"

Leading directly from question four, it becomes obvious. When these fictions become 'fact' within psychology, we as psychologists cannot function to our fullest potential. Unfortunately, from the very foundations of psychology they have been present.

Some common words found in the essay are:
Leibert Speigler, Hunger Drive, Holt Littman's, According Littman, Douglas Dunham, Littman Page, Experimental Psychology, Discussion Questions, Elizabeth Loftus, Paraphrasing Littman, beneath skin, explanatory concepts, invented terms, beneath skin organism, skin organism, littman's article, consumer literature psychology, invented constructs, consumer literature, causes behavior, fictional causes, leibert speigler, attempt establish causal, behavior act fictions, 1958 nebraska symposium,
Approximate Word count = 2774
Approximate Pages = 11 (250 words per page double spaced)