For most people, when insulin has bound to the receptors, it causes a cascade of events to begin, which leads to the sugar being transported into the interior of the cell. Type II is also called non-insulin dependant diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) because there is insulin present on the cell membrane, but the process

There may not be a cure for type II diabetes, but there are several methods to deal with diabetes. First, developing self-awareness, the diabetics should identify factors that can interfere with the management of diabetes. Second, they should be self-reliant and not relying too much on others, responsibility. Third, managing stress, diabetics should know what could cause tension or what might wear them down. Fourth, being prepared, diabetics will need to plan their days out in order to maintain a blood sugar level that is within the acceptable range. And finally, they should not be afraid to ask for help. In addition, there are new forms of diabetes care. There are several devices for monitoring blood glucose. Such as, Vaculance Lancing Devices, "Painless" laser lancing devices, non-invasive meters and new meter types that still use blood. Some oral agents are used to overcome insulin resistance, like, troglitazone and rosightazone. Miglitol is used to slow down glucose absorption. About a decade ago, a unique new drug was developed to act like amylin, a compound that slows the uptake of glucose after a meal. Amylin Pharmaceuticals developed the injectable pramlintide.

Diabetes can be a very dangerous disease if left unchecked. Some resulting complications are kidney disease, eye disease, nerve disease, heart disease, blood vessel disease and skin disease. Kidney disease only occurs in about five percent of type II diabetics. Common eye diseases in diabetics are cataracts, glaucoma and retinopathy. However, about 12,000 to 24,000 patients within the age range of 20 to 74, go blind due to diabetes each year. The nerve disease neuropathy is believed to be caused by degenerated axons. Diabetic nerve damage affects about sixty to seventy percent of the patients. According to Diabetes for Dummies, "It is believed that the damage is due to a cut off of blood to the nerve (vascular) in some cases and to chemical toxins produced by the metabolism of too much glucose (metabolic) in other." (Rubin 70). Severe form of nerve damage can lead to lower limb amputation. According to American Diabetes Association, "diabetes is the most frequent cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations." Chances of a leg amputation in diabetics are fifteen to forty percent higher. About 56,000 amputations are done per year among diabetics. Coronary artery disease is a type of heart disease that is the leading reason for death in type II patients. Diabetic blood vessel disease away from the heart can still affect the heart. If major blood vessels clog up, the heart could possibly stop. In The Type II Diabetes Sourcebook states, "Heart attacks are prime cause of death in middle-aged people with four times high than do middle-aged people without diabetes." (Drum 269). A harmless, yet disfiguring skin disease is called necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. The skin thins out and becomes dimpled and discolored because of the destruction of fat in the skin.

Benefits of using the bio-engineered glucagons-like peptide 1 are: blood glucose levels lowered in patients treated with the GLP-1; improved function in the insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas; GLP-1 promotes growth of beta cells in animal studies; Insulin sensitivity improves; Dr. Jens Juul Holst said, "The t

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