New Right Criminology
New Right criminology has two main approaches to explaining criminality; traditional conservatism and right-wing libertarianism. There are two broad themes in New Right; placing the cause and effect of crime back on to the individual, and reasserting the importance of punishment and its effect on crime. Conservatism and libertarianism are very similar, since both perspectives have strong links to the previous approaches and theories, however there are distinctive differences in the fundamental analysis of crime. It is important to think about the political and economical environments of the time because criminological theories are strongly influences by the economic and political movement of the era. Generally, New Right perspectives can be said to have emerged simply because nothing else had worked quite well. So the theorists came up with these New Right perspectives which are basically summed-up of previous theories.The New Right Criminology contains many linkages to other theories within criminology itself. The two perspectives of New Right can clearly be seen as an expansion of previous theories. Right Wing libertarianism is an expansion of ideas
using the framework of classicism, whereas conservatism follows the footsteps of Durkheim. Classical theory was developed at the time of industrial revolution where the transition from Feudalism to Capitalism has taken place and it focuses on individual rights, human ability to reason, and a voluntaristic view of human nature that emphasise free will and individual choice. Therefore, according to Classicism, we are fully responsible for what we do and the consequences that may arise from our actions. Positivism emerged in nineteenth century to provide biological and psychological explanations for criminal behaviour that was missing from Classicism. Both biological and psychological perspectives in Positivism describe the idea that crime can best be explained by examining individual differences between people, and by demonstrating how these differences are liked to certain biological and/or psychological factors that predispose certain people towards criminal behaviours (White & Haines, 2001). Labelling theorists based mostly on the recognition of partiality to explain criminal behaviour. This emerged in the 1960's to reform a counterproductive Criminal Justice System based on Positivism. This theory emphasise the idea of self-fulfilling prophecy; who you are is determined by who defines your reality and how the process is done. For example, people who are labelled by other people as "bright" and "stupid" will respond accordingly. Labelling theory can be seen as a break through from Classical and Positivist explanations of criminal behaviours, because it was the first time that criminologists have taken into account the notion of a consensus in society. After Labelling theories, Feminist criminology emerged from the feminist movements in the 1960s, as they wanted to reform gender discriminatory criminal justice system based on male-centric values. The 'women's liberation movement' in the late 1960s seeks to eliminate gender-based power structures in society (O'Connor, 2001). Roberts, A. (1999) Society and Science History TimeLine. Cooper, S. (2001) James Q. Wilson. Home Page.
Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 1909
Approximate Pages = 8 (250 words per page double spaced)
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