As hinted to above, the argument for dualism is effectively put forward in Rene Descartes' 2nd Meditation. To summarise it, Descartes line of argument begins with methodological doubt, a question of what he can be sure of in the world. He identifies that he can doubt the existence of his physical body, (e.g. Film: The Matrix).

He achieves this by suggesting that because when dreaming, you can often not tell the difference between those dreams and reality as it is when we are 'awake'; and thus how can we really be sure that we are not always in some kind of dream-like state with no real bodies. So when he holds out his hands when in a dream, he is in-fact not holding out his hands at all. It is all going on in his mind, not in reality. This is referred to as his argument of Dream Conjecture. "Can you be certain that your life is not simply a dream? If not, then you cannot be certain that the physical world around you exists."

Many people have confused the dream world with the real world, at some point or other, and

From here, where Descartes has come to the conclusion that he can doubt his physical existence though not his mind, he moves on to say that an un-doubtable fact cannot be dependant on a doubtable fact. In this context, that is to say that a necessarily truth (mind) cannot be dependant on something doubtable (body). As a result, Descartes concludes that his existence (as a mind) cannot depend on the physical world (namely, his body).

Thus) Because Descartes believes them to have different intrinsic properties, namely that of existence and inexistence, then he concludes that they are not the same thing.

A potential refutation of this reasoning comes in the form of an intensional fallacy. First, let me clearly lay out his reasoning:

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Approximate Word count = 1311
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page double spaced)