Toxicology is a branch of forensic science that deals with the adverse effects of drugs and poisonous chemicals found in the home, at work or in the environment. All drugs have toxic effect but the effect is most often minor. The toxic effect of drugs may produce only a little discomfort or they may be serious enough to cause death. One of the most common cases of death by poison is arsenic poison. Forensic Toxicology is an interdisciplinary science dealing with and interpretation of drugs and chemical samples for medical-legal purposes the hybrid and analytical chemistry, pharmacy toxicology. The Forensic Science Foundation said, "Forensic toxicology is the study and understanding of the harmful effects of external substances introduced into the living systems within a medical text." There are three major case load and forensic toxicology laboratories; drug abuse resulting from illegal use of drugs; paratoxicological aspects of criminal investigations on post mortem cases - analytical studies in the medical examiner to determine the case. In addition, many forensic toxicology laboratories assist local hospitals and physicians with diagnoses and patient care in emergency positions or with those patients requiring complex therapy. "The Society of Forensic Toxicology describes forensic toxicologists as scientist involving the analysis of tissue and body fluids for drugs and poisons, and who interpret the resulting information in the judiciary context. The forensic toxicologist as ascertain a chain of evidence or custody for each sample analysis, and documents the methodology and data collected, and is therefore prepared to defend the findings in legal hearings or trials. Along with the establishment of the New York City Medical Examination in 1990, the first laboratory forensic laboratory was established. Other cities and counties have subsequently established similar systems. About thirty percent of medical-legal investigations are now performed by the medical examiners office rather than coroners office. The most commonly encountered drugs and chemical involved in fatal poisoning include ethyl alcohol, barbiturates, carbon monoxide, morphine, proxyphene, and benzodiazepines. The role of ethyl alcohol in death is rarely due to its direct toxic effects but to its indirect role in accidents. The circumstance of death in approximately twenty percent of the population require a thorough medical-legal investigation. The forensic toxicologist provides for the isolation of chemicals and subsequent analysis in an effort to determine if a chemical agent played a role in the cause of death. At autopsy the forensic pathologist collects postmortem specimens. The specimens are specially provided by the toxicologist for the subsequent analysis. The distribution of the chemicals in the body provides information about the mode of exposure (ingestion, injection, inhalation, and s on) and the time of exposure relative to death. The forensic toxicologist has a number of isolation techniques (steam distillation, selective solvent extraction, microdiffusion), depending on the tissue and the analyte, which allow for the recovery of drugs and chemicals from biological samples. Once the substance for the analysis has been removed from the tissue specimen, the forensic toxicologist uses chromatography, spectrophotometry, and immunoassays to qualitatively and quantitatively to determine the drug. The forensic toxicologist must then interpret the analytical data collected from the analytical methods. Pharmaceutical manufacturers are one source of toxicology information relative to compounds that they have developed, manufactured, and marketed. The published literature provides the second source of toxicology data. The greatest challenge facing the forensic toxicologist is the interpretation of combinations of various drugs and chemicals and their complex interactions.

In recent times, science has provided substantial aid to crime detection. Becau

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