The Ethical Codes of Science
In the last few years, our American colleagues - research workers in different /particular/ spheres of knowledge - are developing increased activity in ethical aspect. There are various initiatives, which serve as a clear expression of this. Special regulatory bodies such as Office of Scientific Integrity Review /OSIR/, Office of Inspector General /OIG/ are created in order to monitor the research process following the accepted standards for integrity and responsibility of conduct of research.* Some universities and research institutions develop educational programmes, whose purpose is to inform and concentrate the attentions of the participants' students and young research workers on the ethical problems. For example, the session of ethics, entitled "Etiquette and Ethics in Science " at the University of California, San Francisco, is organized largely around real cases of ethically difficult situation that researchers have encountered in the course of a scientific career. At the University of California, Los Angeles, interest in the issue of scientific ethics have led to the creation of a Center on Scientific Ethics. Central work of the center has been the preparation of an ext
In the last few decades the number and variety of codes is rapidly increasing. A real boom in quantity was observed between 1980 and 2000. However, codes did not appear at once. The norms and principles in the codes have a long history in the traditions of the scientific community but in a more tacit, non- verbal form. The second kind of clauses in the ethical codes refers to the relationship between the researchers in the community. Very often these clauses are formulated in the following way: " obligation to other investigators "investigators will represent their best understanding of their work in their descriptions and analyses of it; investigators will accurately describe methods used in experiments; they will disclose financial and other interests that might present a conflict of interest in their various activities such as reporting research results, serving as reviewers, and monitoring students." These clauses aim to preserve the favourable climate in the research circles and help to detect quickly the violation. However, it is interesting that the codes, entitled "code of ethics" contains the whole number clauses, while the "codes of conduct" contain only part of it; often the " obligation to the public " is missing. To a great extent this depends on the type of research work - basic or practically orientated, which presupposes difference in the object of research, as well as in the aims of the research. The ethical code can be announced by: an educational institution /University Policy on Integrity of Research, University of California, San Diego /; professional organisation / The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers/, but in most cases the code is announced by the researchersrs who are members of the respective science field / American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/. Such information and an alphabetical list of the ethical codes in science can be found in Centre for the Study of Ethics in the Profession, Illinois Institute of Technology.* ensive bibliography and the collection of case studies.* But even greater interest has been provoked by the more and more increasing activity of creating and announcing the ethical codes of the different scientific communities. This practice is gradually being adopted in our country as well, which makes it necessary to know the original.
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Approximate Word count = 2587
Approximate Pages = 10 (250 words per page double spaced)
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