The first concept was citizenship. The fourteenth Amendment had to establish that African Americans, people who legally travel to or are born in the United States have the right to become citizens and have citizen's rights. " All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and the states they reside in (Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1).

The second concept was the due process of law. In the early view of the court, a deprivation of life, liberty, or property simply mea

Concisely, The Fourteenth Amendment was a summary of those three provisions- citizenship, due process of law, and equal protection of the laws. It was intended to establish citizenship, unify and equalize the African American and the White Americans. Although the Fourteenth Amendment seemed to solve the dilemma of citizenship, unity and equality, many southern states disliked the idea of sharing freedom and rights with African Americans. But the congress enforced it and so the southern states had to accept it. Until this day the Fourteenth Amendment remains among the most important amendments in the constitution. "The constitutional guarantees expressed in Section 1 and the power of Congress to enforce them, as provided for in Section 5, are what make the Fourteenth Amendment important to till this day" (Smith, 127)

nt the punishment for crime. The requirements of due process would be met by fair procedure, including notice to the defendant and an open trial with the right to counsel. "Nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law..." (Fifth Amendment) and that is Procedural due process. Later, the court concluded that due process was not limited to procedural considerations but had a substantive aspect as well. "The substantive due process requires that the substance or the purpose of the law be constitutional and that government cannot make laws that apply to situations in which the government has no busines

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