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Birth of Expressionism

Considered one of the greatest pieces of American Literature in the twentieth century, Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman is truly a masterpiece. When it was released in 1949, the play won numerous awards and became the most popular show on Broadway. Since then, the play has continued to run off and on in New York, along with other prominent international cities like Berlin, London, Beijing, and Amsterdam. The play was written as a method for Arthur Miller to show the people of America what the true image of a salesman in the thirties and forties was. Not only did Miller succeed, he also opened peoples an eye to what the true American Dream is and what its faults are. The play centers mainly on Willy Loman, a salesman in his fifties. Willy has spent his entire career selling things and now it seems the customers have stopped coming. The audience first meets Willy at the start of his trouble. Willy has come home from Boston without selling hardly a thing, his son Biff has quit yet another Job, and the bills are beginning to stack up. Willy tries diligently to keep his family afloat while he desperately ponders why he has no more customers. Willy then tries to convince Biff that the only happiness he will f


ind is in business. Biff does not want to go into business because he can see what it has done to his father, as well as his younger brother Happy, who spends most of his time drinking and indulging with prostitutes. One the most creative aspects of the play are the expressionistic devices that Miller writes into key scenes of the play. In his essay "Arthur Miller: An Overview," Gerald Weales describes Death of a Salesman as an "example of American Expressionism in which realistic scenes are played in an anti-realistic context" (Weales 3). Through expressionism, Miller is able to portray his characters and ideas in an entirely new and exciting form of theater.

Garrison, Craig. "The System and The American Dream." Playwrights.Net. 1 May 2000.

Some of the first and most obvious pieces of expressionism in the set are the transparent lines between the Loman house and the city around it. "The juxtaposition of the burning, angry, distorted city with the dreamlike, transparent house is the frame for the action, which in turn frames other sites of action" (4). It is almost as if the house becomes the city in a smooth transition. On every side of the Loman's small house, the city is closing in. Willy often recalls the empty space and woods around their house that is now all covered with apartment buildings. The transition from the Loman house to the buildings allows the audience to see the pressure the city and possibly business, is exerting on Willy and his family.

The dynamic story of Death of a Salesman would be impossible to tell without the cleverly designed sets. "Examining the scenic choices opens the way for discussion of Miller's play-within-play layering of temporal and special memoirs" (4). The sets in the play help to bring out the simplicity and struggle In Willy's life. Before the play opens, the audience is able to view possibly one of the most blatantly obvious expressionistic devices in the show. During the overture, a large scrim covers the stage. On the scrim is an image of the open face of Willy Loman. This face is an invitation by Miller for the audience to come inside the mind of Willy Loman so they can better understand his situation. In fact, Miller's first title for the play was "The Inside of His Head" (Lounsberry 3). For the Broadway production, Miller decided to use transparent scenery as a more subtle way of showing Willy's imperfections. However, the open face is still used in some productions in conjunction with the scenery, to show Willy Loman as the confused and troubled person that he really is.

Lounsberry, Barbara. "The Expressionistic Devices in Death of a Salesman." The Death

Near the end of the play, Willy is faced with all of his failures as he tries to think of a way to keep his family going. All Willy can think about is becoming rich and helping his family to survive. After careful consideration, Willy decides that killing himself and allowing his family to collect on his insurance is the only way. In her essay "Conceptualizing Death of a Salesman as an American Play," Susan Smith reports that here again, the light, airy sounds of the flute are heard, calling Willy back to the life of nature that he always dreamed of living (7). Willy then jumps into his car and speeds off, as the flute becomes louder and louder.

Another important musical motif is the music played during Willy's most despicable act. Throughout the play, a woman appears on the stage as a reminder of Willy's evil deed. It is not until later that the audience learns of Willy's infidelity. Although surprising, the encounter with the prostitute was definitely planned by Miller as one of the key turning points in Willy's life. The music played during the appearance of the woman and during the hotel room scene helps to emphasize Willy's sexual desires and needs. It also helps to create a sense of danger when Biff appears ou

Some common words found in the essay are:
Death Salesman, Willy Loman, Inside Loman, Biff Loman, Linda Loman's, Biff Lounsberry, American Dream, Biff Happy, Bettina Ben, Linda Whistling, death salesman, expressionistic devices, willy loman, arthur miller, willy tries, house city, american literature, gas heater, american dream, throughout play, study center 27, willy loman's ben, lounsberry 2 whistling, loman's ben tragic, center 27 april,
Approximate Word count = 2602
Approximate Pages = 10 (250 words per page double spaced)


  

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