These states were slave states where cotton plantation agriculture was most dominant (American1 pp). After the Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina, Lincoln called for troops from all remaining states to recover the forts, resulting in the secession of four more states, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee (American1 pp). .

             On the eve of the Civil War, the country was a nation divided into four quite distinct regions: .

             the Northeast, with a growing industrial and .

             commercial economy and an increasing density .

             of population; the Northwest, now known as the .

             Midwest, a rapidly expanding region of free farmers.

             where slavery had been forever prohibited under the Northwest Ordinance; the Upper South, with a settled plantation system and (in some areas) declining economic fortunes; and the Southwest, a booming frontier-like region with an expanding cotton economy (American1 pp). .

             With two fundamentally different labor systems at their base, the economic and social changes across the country's geographical regions, based on wage labor in the North and on slavery in the South, underlay distinct visions of society that had emerged by the mid-nineteenth century in the North and in the South (American1 pp).

             By July 1861, a Confederate force was built up at Manassas, Virginia, and Union troops, under the command of Major General Irvin McDowell, marched on the Confederate forces in the First Battle of Bull Run, or First Manassas (American1 pp). The Union troops were forced back to Washington, D.C. by Confederate forces under the command of Generals Joseph E. Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard (American1 pp). It was in this battle that Confederate General Thomas Jackson received the name "Stonewall" because he stood like a stone wall against the Union troops (American1 pp). .

             Alarmed at the loss, and in an effort to prevent more slave states from leaving the Union, the United States Congress passed the Crittenden-Johnson Resolution on July 25, 1861, which stated that the war was actually being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery (American1 pp).