Eating disorders generally fall into three categories, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating, all of which are characterized by serious disturbances in eating and effects on psychological health, which can lead to mortality (Gurenlian). Eating disorders are more prevalent in industrialized societies and occur in all socioeconomic classes and major ethnic groups in the United States (Gurenlian). .

             Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder characterized by abnormal eating behaviors that can result in significant weight loss and serious medical consequences (Gurenlian). It is defined by refusal to maintain body weight over a minimal normal weight for age and height, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image (Gurenlian). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IVTR), anorexia is also divided into two subtypes, restricting anorexia characterizes individuals who drastically limit their food intake, and purging anorexia describes individuals who engage in purging behaviors (Gurenlian). The pattern is to alternate food avoidance with overeating (Gurenlian).

             Effects.

             Anorexia is a disorder that affects all organ systems, and clinical manifestations and symptoms represent secondary effects from starvation and include changes in vital signs such as hypotension, bradycardia, and hypothermia (Gurenlian). Dry skin, hypercarotenemia, lanugo (fine body hair), loss of muscle mass, and atrophy of the breasts may be noted, moreover dehydration and malnutrition may contribute to headaches, lethargy, dizziness, and syncope (Gurenlian). Gastrointestinal signs include intestinal dilation from constipation and diminished intestinal motility (Gurenlian). One in ten cases of anorexia nervosa leads to death from starvation, cardiac arrest, other medical complications, or suicide (Eating). .

             Causes.

             Factors considered to predispose an individual to anorexia include female gender, family history of eating disorders, perfectionist personality, difficulty communicating negative emotions, difficulty resolving conflict, and low self-esteem (Gurenlian).