In 1922 Garvey was arrested for defrauding shareholders, and convicted in 1923. Five years later he was returned to Jamaica, where he again tried to regain his movement. Eventually going bankrupt, he moved to London where he died in 1935. Marcus Garvey had many failures while promoting black individuality and equality, but that did not stop him. Garvey raised the standard of success for blacks far above where it had ever been before-and rarely since. .

             During the time between 1877 and 1915, black Americans experiences many social and economic and political difficulties. Many African Americans supported the program of Booker T. Washington, the most prominent black leader of the late 19th and early 20th century, who counseled them to focus on modest economic goals and to accept temporary racism. Others, led by the African-American intellectual W.E.B. Du Bois, wanted to challenge segregation through political action. Washington and Du Bois both had valid strategies; Washington believing that blacks could advance themselves faster through hard work and self help than by demands for equal rights, Du Bois declaring that African Americans must speak out constantly against discrimination and racism. During the 1870"s, the principle of segregation by race extended into every area of southern life by the "Jim Crow" laws. From railroads to restaurants, hotels, hospitals, schools, and any area of life that was not segregated by law was segregated by custom and practice. In.

             1877 the Supreme Court found that the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments had no significance and no new privileges or immunities to protect African Americans from state power. In 1883, furthermore, it ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not prevent individuals, as opposed to states, from practicing discrimination. And in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the Court found that "separate but equal" public accommodations for African Americans, such as trains, did not violate their rights.