latitude to create theoretical arguments that justify and perpetuate.

             systemic arrangements of inequality. John Winthrop outlined his.

             reasoning for the British right to North American land in terms of.

             natural rights versus civil rights. Natural rights were those that men.

             enjoyed in a state of nature (i.e. Native Americans). When some men.

             began to parcel land and use tilled farming, they acquired civil rights.

             (English colonists). Inevitably, civil rights took precedence over.

             natural rights. This method of thinking enabled privilege to the.

             English and provided a justification for the institutional and systemic.

             extermination of the indigenous people (Growth 83).

             Before addressing the subjugation of African-Americans by the English,.

             I think it is important that I make an important theoretical point in my.

             argument. All political systems are rational, in the sense that there.

             is a logic and a thinking that guides those making the rules. White.

             supremacy and its associated beliefs (Christianity, patriarchalism, etc).

             provided the rationale for the creation of a system of duality that .

             institutionalized racism. Robert Smith writes about the inherent.

             contradiction of espousing the self-evident equality of men and their.

             God-given right to liberty while at the same time sanctioning genocide.

             and slavery (Smith 8). The only way this incongruity could be remedied.

             was to deny the fundamental humanity of those being oppressed. That.

             negation of one group humanity by another is the crux of duality and a.

             principle tenet of all forms of oppression and subjugation. To.

             objectify a group of people provides an oppressor with a recourse for.

             the actions one takes. In the case of the United States, subjugated.

             groups are often reduced to a stereotype that is not based in fact: .

             Native Americans were wild savages; Africans were lascivious, lewd.

             beings that engaged in bestiality with apes; Asians were sneaky,.

             mysterious and not to be trusted.