He would become one of the most important Brazilian filmmakers of all time, and it is he who set the stage for the Brazilian 'cinema novo" (an idea in mind and a camera in the hands) movement. By 1962 'cinema novo" had established a new concept in Brazilian filmmaking. The 'cinema novo" film"s dealt with themes related to acute national problems, from conflicts in rural areas to human problems in the large cities, as well as film versions of important Brazilian novels. At the end of the 1960"s, the Tropicalist movement had taken hold of the art scenes in Brazil which meant that cinema came under its spell. It emphasized the need to transform all foreign influences into a national product. The most representative film of this movement was Macunaima, by Joaquim Pedro de Andrade. It was a metaphorical analysis of the Brazilian character as shown in the story of a native Indian who leaves the Amazon jungle and goes to the big city. Working at the same time as the Tropicalists were the 'cinema marginal" movement. This was another group of directors that emerged in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro who also made low cost films. This group produced film"s with theme"s that referred to a marginal society. Their films were considered 'difficult". In 1969 the government film agency, Embrafilme, was created. They were responsible for the co production, financing, and distribution of a large percentage of films in the 1970"s and 1980"s.Embrafilme added a commercial dimension to the film industry and made it possible for it to move on to more ambitious projects. In the 1980"s movies were not well attended. This was due in part to the popularity of the television. Many theatres closed their doors, especially in the interior if the country. Never the less some important films were made. Many were concerned with political questions. Today many contemporary Brazilian films are being shown on television and in movie theatres all over the world.