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Biography of Constantine 3819
Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus, born February 27, 272, is commonly known as Constantine I or Constantine the Great. He was proclaimed Augustus by his troops on July 25, 306, and ruled an ever-growing portion of the Roman Empire to his death. Constantine is famous for his rebuilding of Byzantium as "Nova Roma" (New Rome), which was always popularly called "Constantine's City" (Constantinopolis, Constantinople). With the Edict of Milan in 313, Constantine and his co-Emperor Licinius removed all onus from Christianity. By taking the personal step of convoking the Council of Nicaea (325), Constantine began the Roman Empire's unofficial sponsoring of Christianity, which was a major factor in that religion's spread. His reputation as the " first Christian Emperor" was promulgated by Lactantius and Eusebius of Caesarea, gaining ground in the succeeding generations. He was born at Naissus, (today's NiĆ, Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro) in Upper Moesia, to Constantius I Chlorus,
K-12 and Higher Education Learning Environments 1263
Introduction Many of the educational initiatives in recent years have focused on improving the delivery of services by incorporating learning platforms that focus on the K-12 and higher education learning environments, such as WebCT or Blackboard. To determine how these learning platforms are being used today and for what learners, this paper will provide an overview of the features of learning management systems (LMS) that have assumed increasing importance for a wide range of corporate and government-sponsored learning environments. A comparison and evaluation of these platforms and their applicability to the different learning environments is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion. Review and Discussion Background and Overview. In their book, Handbook of Distance Education Technology, Anderson and Moore (2003) suggest that it just makes good sense to use the technological innovations that have emerged in recent years to improve the delivery of educational se
Health Care System Budgeting Procedures 474
Larry Scanlan, in his article about hospital budgeting, presents seven keys to a successful budget. These "reality keys", as he calls them, are designed to help insure that the CFO and CEO are able to navigate through a difficult process. The first of these is accountability. He recommends communicating about the status of financial performance in all areas, and instituting a compliance plan that monitors and responds quickly to problems. Teamwork and a high sense of management integrity are essential. The budget is everyone's responsibility, not just management. The second key is to know your market. The budget process should mesh seamlessly with the strategic plan. Management should have a
Debit Logic and Risk 1271
When any organization requires a debt, the organization has to first judge its own position, and there may be deals with the supplier to get a deal that will satisfy everybody. (Considering Alternatives to Bankruptcy) This is not possible when the supplier is a large organization, but it is always worth a try. The next alternative is to try to reduce the payments to a level where the hospital may pay without any difficulties, and some organizations may accept this considering that it is a method through which they will be able to service their own judgment of their social obligations at the cost of the profits on which they will have to pay out a large share as taxes to the government any way. For all these methods to be tried it is better to have associates with the organization who have gone on this route before and would like to do it again as a social service. (Preparing a business case) The correct method of taking any loan is to provide the requirement of loan as a business
Featurec of Cnidaria 2174
What is Cnidaria? What is it made up of? Who are the members that belong to his group? Cnidaria is an exclusively aquatic phylum. It is a group that is represented by the members, who are also called 'polyps', and these are sea anemones and corals, and also by 'medusae', which are creatures like the jellyfish. In general, both a polypoid as well as a medusoid cnidarian will be either radially or biradially symmetrical and it is an uncephalized animal with one single body opening, which is the mouth. Stinging capsules, which are embedded in the tentacles that are placed around the mouth, generally surrounds the mouth. These stinging capsules are also known as 'nematocysts', and these are capable of acting both as agents of defense as well as of offense. The most important distinguishing feature of a phylum is the presence of the intrinsic nematocysts, and in turn, nematocysts are the most widespread of the three different types of cnidae. (Cnidarians) Cnidarians are diploblastic,
Male and Female Forge More Positive Futures 1218
With the state of political, social, and civil rights as they are, the notion of possible futures haunts nearly everyone. Potential political realities in the present and not-so-distant future are examined in Margaret Atwood's Handmaid's Tale and Marge Piercy's Woman on the Edge of Time. These novels have become modern classics precisely because of their poignant relevance to real-world social and political affairs. Although both Atwood's and Piercy's novels are at least in part set in future times, both tales are devoid of any significant characteristics that distinguish them from the present day reality. Thus, both The Handmaid's Tale and Woman on the Edge of Time eerily depict life in modern-day America even as they bridge gaps in time. In particular, issues related to gender and to political power are salient in both books. Through the core elements of their narratives, The Handmaid's Tale and Woman on the Edge of Time reveal that male-dominated social structures are potentially de
A General Concept On Elizabethan Theater 4045
Elizabethan theatre is a general concept embodying the plays written and performed openly in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I from 1558 to 1603. The term can be applied more generally to also incorporate theatre of Elizabeth's immediate successors, James I and Charles I, till the end of public theatres in 1642 on the inception of Civil War. (Elizabethan theatre: Wikipedia) During the end of 16th century and inception of 17th century William Shakespeare dominated the theatrical environment, and at that time witnessing a play during afternoon was considered a great entertainment for many members of London society and acclaimed similar popular form of entertainment as that of going to movies and plays presently. A thorough look at the theatre of Shakespeare's time however, will entail many distinctions between the Elizabethan theatre and the movies and plays of today. (Welcome to the world of the Elizabethan theatre!) During the later part of 15th century, plays were bein
The Price Paying 675
The war in Iraq has become one of the most contentious political issues in recent years. Although many citizens of the United States originally supported sending in troops to Iraq based on the possible presence of weapons of mass destruction, currently more and more people are crying out for the return of American troops. According to the Institute for Policy Studies and Foreign Policy (IPS) report entitled "Paying the Price," over 1500 troops have been killed since the onset of the war, and over 11,300 have been wounded. Equally if not more startling are the casualties on the other side: approximately 24,000 Iraqi troops have been killed in battle but an astounding 16,000 to 100,000 innocent civilians have also had their lives taken by the war. These horrific numbers belie the potential futility of the war. Continued presence of American troops in Iraq is needless, costly to both life and to taxpayer money. Even before reading through the IPS documents, including Phyllis Bennis' "Understanding th
The Tragic Flaws On Classical Heroes 620
Classical heroes have tragic flaws: character traits that cause them and others immense suffering in spite of their physical and mental prowess. Don Quixote, Faust, and Candide all ascribe to the classical definition of heroism, as each of these characters demonstrates remarkable and tragic flaws. Don Quixote, the protagonist of Miguel de Cervantes' novel of the same name, emerges as a hero mainly because of his unwavering belief in a romantic vision. However, his delusions cause direct harm to others and contribute to his own mental anguish and eventual downfall. Don Quixote is therefore an ironic and paradoxical hero, for he does not succeed in his quests but nevertheless remains a powerful emblem of heroism. Faust, the titular protagonist of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's work, bears a similar burden as Don Quixote: striving to maintain his personal vision he sacrifices his inner peace. Faust, however, succeeded in
The Ethnology of Golf 1521
Golf makes an interesting topic for an ethnology study because it brings people together who may belong to different subgroups and joins them in a new group, that of "golfers." Playing golf has rules for the game, but there are also social rules about how to behave while playing the game. Sometimes those who belong to the group called "golfers" assume a common background among all the players, and sometimes that assumption is misplaced. For my study I interviewed two men who play golf at a local golf club. The two men are friends and often play together. One man is 34 and a graduate of Washington University. He is married with one child. He has played golf since he was 12, and is Caucasian. The other man is named George. He is 32 and a graduate of Stanford University. He was on the Stanford golf team and has played golf since he was ten. He is married with two children, and of African-American heritage. Although the two men are of different races, in some ways their backgrounds are
A Life of Abigail Adams 1224
Lynne Withey prefaces her biography of Abigail Adams by noting that the first Lady was "a tiny woman...with...a forceful personality that belied her size," (ix). Abigail Adams was, as Withey describes her, a "maddeningly contradictory" individual who defied conventional gender norms during her time, waged fierce rhetorical political battles against what she viewed to be British oppression of the colonies, and was unmistakably at the heart of the changing social and political realities of revolutionary America. One of the proto-feminists in the United States, Abigail Adams also championed similar civil rights causes such as the emancipation of slavery, but like most in her time, often seemed to straddle the fence on both of these contentious issues. With one foot in one world and one in another, Abigail Adams did defy definitions and deserves to be remembered as Withey portrays her: as a quintessential American who held simultaneously conservative and progressive views. As a woman, Abig
Leadership & Accomplishment of Madeleine Albright & Margaret Thatcher 4894
In some ways, comparing the leadership styles and accomplishments of Madeleine Albright and Margaret Thatcher is like the proverbial impossible comparison of apples and oranges. Thatcher led a nation; Albright merely represented hers, first to the world quasi-government known, somewhat euphemistically, as the United Nations, and later, as Secretary of State, to the world at large, United Nations or warring ones. One point of comparison that seems to work, however, is that both were self-made women. Another is that both had an enormous impact both within and outside of their own nation. Yet another is that, whether one admired or reviled one or the other, both have become household words. Albright and Thatcher also, however, employed styles as divergent as the position of their surnames in the alphabet. Where Albright was the iron hand in the velvet glove, Thatcher was the iron hand in the glove of chain mail. Where Albright advocated what appears to be a more feminine princi
The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution 1187
For years, historians had been writing that the American Revolution was the virtuous reaction to England's curtailment of rights. Then, in 1967, Harvard history professor Bernard Bailyn added his additional theory of ideology. In his book, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, Bailyn agreed that the settlers were principled. Yet that was not the main cause of the discontent. Instead, he said, the settlers had inherited the suspicion of dangers that lurked with power of one entity over another. Rather than seeing England's actions as solely unintended slipups, the colonists were paranoid enough to read them as part of a political plot. Obsession, not principles, led to the revolution. Four decades later, no one is surprised that Bailyn comes up with a different twist to history. "For the last five decades Bernard Bailyn has been the preeminent colonial American historian"1. According to Professor Richard Beeman of the University of Pennsylvania, he has been more influen
The Truth On Human 585
The word 'man' is used throughout Pope's poem and refers to humankind as a whole, not necessarily the male species. As Pope states in the beginning of Epistle I, his intent is to "But vindicate the ways of God to man" (Pope pp). He sets out to demonstrate a Christian based cosmogony, or rather his theory of how the universe was created (Cody pp). Pope draws on the contemporary scientific discoveries of the day, especially those of Isaac Newton (Cody pp). This first Epistle concerns the nature of man and his place within the universe, while Epistle II deals with man as an individual, his basic nature and state of being (Cody pp). Epistle III concerns man, the individual, in relation to human society as a whole, as well as to the political and social classes, and Epistle IV, concerns humankind's pursuit of happiness (Cody pp). Alexander Pope's "Essay on Man"
The United States Legal System 321
First of all, we need to consider and discuss the fact that the US legal system has consistently worked towards reducing "regulatory burdens", that is different regulations that tend to make the entire business process longer, more cumbersome and costly. In this sense, we may mention, among the measures that the government has put forth, ensuring that "the overall regulatory framework is as limited or streamlined as possible without comprising public objectives"1 and an effic
Decision-Making Models in Business Organizations 989
In recent years, decision-making models in business organizations have emerged as a significant factor in the determination of the organization's success or failure. Although the employment contract usually leaves the definition of work to job descriptions, supervision, and work rules, it is useful to specify the kinds of behavior organizations require from employees.   Organizations require that individuals carry out job assignments dependably, make creative suggestions, and carry out self-training. (Katz, 1958). However, the organization does not obtain all these behaviors simply through hiring the employee. This paper will explore and discuss the most prevalent decision making models in organizations of the 21st century. Research has noted the distinction between membership and decision making behaviors required by organizations and the quite different sources of these behaviors. In one such study, the motivation to acquire and keep organizational membership from productivity
History of Early United States of America 2239
On April 19, 1775, a detachment of the British regular Army marched inland from Boston, Massachusetts, in search of a cache of arms and with orders to arrest certain prominent local leaders. At Lexington, they confronted and fired upon a small group of local militia, who had gathered on the town common, or "green." Further along their line of march, they confronted a much larger group of militia at a bridge in Concord, and were turned back. Retreating to Boston, the British soldiers were subjected to continual sniper attacks. The Battle of Lexington and Concord, coming after a dozen years of escalating political conflict between the colonies and the British Parliament, marked the beginning of the American Revolution. On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress, with representatives from thirteen of the British colonies along the Atlantic Coast of North America, began meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Congress immediately began to organize a federal government for
Sociological Imagination 412
Imagining a different life in a different culture is not so difficult. If I had been born a woman, for example, even a little more than one hundred years ago in the United States, I would certainly have a different life. I would not be able to vote, or have a career outside the home. I would probably be a Christian, but I would certainly view the world differently. The world would be far more mysterious than it is today because there would be no television, no radio, and probably no running water in my home, or electricity, unless I was wealthy. I would not know what was going on around the world until lon
Awakening Osiris 3570
The Egyptian Book of the Dead is a western title for an ancient collection of Egyptian manuscripts, the majority of which were funerary in nature. These collected writings have also been referred to as the Egyptian Bible or identified by the names of the scribes who penned them. The Papyrus of Ani comprises the most significant contribution to these texts, though there are some other minor sources which are often included. In the original languages, these works were more accurately entitled the Books of Coming Forth By Day. One of the greatest challenges to English-language speakers when confronting all the great scriptures is the language gap. Unless one has the time and inclination to learn Arabic, Hindi, Hebrew, Greek -- or in this case, Egyptian Heiroglyphs -- it becomes necessary to read the scriptures in translation. The farther removed one's own culture, and alphabet, is from the culture which spawned this scripture, the more translation becomes a vital and subjective area.
Globalizsation As a Phenomenon Of Economic 1538
I. The diffusion of ideas and technological impacts that have taken place globally. Globalization as a phenomenon of economic and cultural connectivity has been growing for centuries, but the current form is of a fundamentally different order (Smith and Doyle 2002). The speed of communication, the complexity and size of the networks involved and the huge volume of trade, interaction and risks involved make up the current and peculiar form. The diffusion of ideas, practices and technologies that occurs within is more than internationalization, universalization, modernization and westernization. Anthony Giddens (1990 as qtd in Smith and Doyle) described today's globalization as "the intensification of worldwide social relations, which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa." It has changed the way geography has been traditionally understood and how localness has been experienced. The new fra
Diffusion of Modernization on World Commerce 583
Modernization is rooted in the needs of human existence and is the embodiment of human beings' desire to pursue a high level of existence. Modernization is a tendency toward rationalization, that is, various uses of reason to control and overcome nature and the environment. The process of modernization begins in the Western world; it is a broad historical process of changes that takes the birth of industrial civilization as its origin and impetus, and contains political, economic and social contents. The needs of human life have different spheres, which are finite in quality but infinite in quantity. The realization of the needs of a lower sphere will arouse the needs of a higher one and the realization of the latter will give birth to the needs of a yet higher sphere; the process is endless. We can treat history, in this sense, as the process in which the
Patients Need of Healthcare by Strategic Management 1313
The deliberative model in healthcare is expected to meet quite a few of the needs of the American public regarding the general area of healthcare. Of the many areas that may decide to look at this problem, an attempt is made here to look at two specific problems. One is the need of patients taking medicine properly and the other is the needs of patient care among all Americans. The problems in taking medication have been taken up on the issue of individual needs of patients for education on medicine taking. The education needs of patients in this area are not being met by healthcare providers. It may be worthwhile to take up a study to develop medication taking instructions for patients which can be used by health care providers in the long run. The aim should be to reach an approach which will be based on the view of patients regarding their needs of taking medicine and at the same time, also taking into account the concerned theories for health and education. The problem has been ac
The Process of Making a Moral or Ethical Decision 1592
The process of making a moral or ethical decision is governed largely by the values that are applied when making the decision. In any case where a decision is being made, there are a range of values that can potentially impact the decision. These include personal values, organizational values, and cultural values. The value system that is most significant will depend on both the context of the decision and the nature of the decision. This will now be explored by considering how moral and ethical decisions are made and what kinds of personal, organizational, and cultural values impact on decision making. Before describing how my values impact decision making, it is important to first define the basis on which I make moral decisions. This is based on the three levels of personal moral development: the preconventional level, the conventional level, and the postconventional level (Graham 1995). The preconventional level is the most basic level and relates to a state where decision
Computer Mediated Learning Education 673
For busy adults with conflicting schedules facing a multitude of family and work demands, who still wish to add to their academic credentials or vocational qualifications, computer mediated learning may seem like an ideal way for such adults to satisfy their educational needs. For an elementary school instructor, however, computer mediated learning lacks the supervisory, mentoring, and hands-on capacity that is usually deemed necessary for imparting basic skills. An "on-line, collaborative learning approach using the Internet offers solutions to many of the problems plaguing university education," such as oversubscribed classes and the difficulty for university students to gain access to the required classes that they need to graduate on time. (Jones, 2004) At a higher education level, computer mediated learning allows for students to be enrolled in more sections on a year 'round basis in a university environment-but this is not an advantage enjoyed by elementary school students. At best, i
Warner Brothers as Syncronined sound in a silent Feature Film 3160
Warner Brothers, name normally pertains to Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc., which is an American motion-picture production company, and was the first to use series of synchronized sound in a silent feature film. Four American brothers namely Harry Morris Warner, Albert Warner, Samuel Lewis Warner, and Jack Leonard Warner were the founders. (Warner Brothers: Encyclopedia Article from Encarta) Harry, Albert, Sam and Jack turned jointly to any commercial activities that came their way till they got into the nickelodeon business. Currently Jack is the only brother who is still regularly recognized with Warner's in its halcyon days. However the studio would have never attained the big position without Harry and Sam's unusual and paired talents. They did it by risking on a new technology: synchronized sound for motion pictures. Harry's cautious but enthused business management made the company in a position to benefit from Sam's big idea. (The Warner Sound: Film Scores Par Excellence) The broth
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