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Psychological Test Measures Skills of Human Beings 275
Psychological testing is at least as much art as it is science. While the test publishers have made great effort to write tests that will give the most accurate results possible, they are used to measure skills or information in complex human beings. All sorts of things can go wrong. If a person is under great stress test performance could suffer. For children this might be a situation at school, such as chr
The Law Enforcement Interrogation Techniques 313
Law enforcement interrogation techniques have a high potential for error because criminals are motivated to give false information to the police. An effective training program can help to reduce the potential for error by teaching officers how to conduct interrogation techniques properly, and by helping officers select the most appropriate techniques to use with a given subject. Selection of an optimal technique greatly improves the chances of learning useful infor
My Life as Puerto Rican-American 1971
"Latinos are drug addicts. They don't work because they're lazy and they depend on welfare." These are but a few of the ethnic stereotypes that have haunted me throughout much of my life as Puerto Rican-American. Growing up in an ethnically diverse but poor neighborhood in Chicago, I actually never felt "different" until I moved to an almost all white school in Massachusetts. There, I noticed that people would mutter under their breaths comments about racial or ethnic groups other than their own. Although the students would never have openly admitted to being prejudiced, and although they would probably deny that their comments were harmful, I felt singled out, uncomfortable, and threatened in such homogeneous territory. Suddenly I realized that my skin and hair was actually noticeably different from my classmates. They noticed it too, and started to ask me what my background was. To avoid social discomfort I lied to them and told them I was "just American." By passing myself off as wh
The Individual Deals with a Variety of Real Life Situations 954
The Vineland Adaptive Behavior scales is published by American Guidance Service. It is designed to determine how functional an individual with developmental disabilities. The version published in 1984 rated children from ages 2 to 18. The recently revised version goes up to the age to 90 (AGS, 2005). The Vineland is frequently used not only with individuals with mental retardation but also disorders on the autistic spectrum, such as autism and Asperger's syndrome (AGS, 2005). The Vineland is based on how the individual deals with a variety of real life situations. Those responses may be either adaptive or maladaptive, and some responses that are age appropriate at a young age will not be typical of older individuals without any developmental difficulties (Scahill, 2001). The formats include a classroom questionnaire as well as semistructured interviews and provides multiple forms so it can be used to rate the observations of teachers, clinicians and parents, providing a broad-based v
The Rule of Law: A Complex Analysis of Numerous Important Issues 2317
"The Rule of Law is to be Legitimate because the issue of law is not a simple, but a highly complex one, and it involves the analysis of numerous important issues". Law is not as simple as something that can be forced upon or coerced out of an individual or a group because of several reasons. One is that when it is a criminal statute, for example, because of the fact that it forbids certain actions, under force of penalty, resembles the threats that one individual can make against another, but it is different at the same time because it most often applies to those people who enact it, and not to others. Secondly, certain laws like private, and public laws, cannot possible be misinterpreted as threats, and third, certain legal rules are different from orders, because they are not created by anything equivalent to specific instructions and recommendations. Fourthly, when law is analyzed in terms of the sovereign, in which case it is obeyed without limitations, then it would not satisfac
Is Justice Possible? 1738
The concept of justice, in literature and in life, is a universally cherished yet complex and inherently ambiguous one. All societies have respective, sometimes opposing, ideas about justice. Islamic Sharia law (once enforced in Afghanistan by the Taliban) states that cutting off a hand is apt justice for theft. Western society would consider that act not only unjust but barbaric. Webster's New American Dictionary defines "justice" as (1) "the administration of what is just (as by assigning merited rewards or punishments)"; (2) "the administration of the law; and (3) FAIRNESS; also RIGHTEOUSNESS" (p. 285). By any of those (admittedly Western) definitions, particularly the last one, neither Ihara Saikaku in "The Barrelmaker, Brimful of Love"; Alexander Pushkin in "The Queen of Spades"; nor Nawar El Saadawi in "In Camera" depict justice as feasible within the socially-constructed institutions (e.g., insane asylums; courtrooms; marriage) or other elements of a perceived human na
Summary of the Article "All Fired Up-Tapping The Rockies" by Mitchell 547
The article 'All fired up-Tapping the Rockies' by John G. Mitchell appeared in July 2005 issue of National Geographic. It is an interesting commentary on energy development initiatives that are being planned for Rocky mountain region in Wyoming. The article identifies five important locations in Rocky Mountains that have been selected by the government for energy exploration. The Bureau of Land Management controls these regions and can lease them out for energy development when the right time comes. Already, Pinedale mesa has seen aggressive gas and energy development activities which have dented the beautiful landscape to a large extent. The area is laced with pipelines and there are already 500 wells that BLM plans to use for natural gas extraction purposes. The number of wells is likely to rise to more tha
Designing Accessible Websites 683
Making websites accessible to the disabled is a good business decision even when resources are limited. The most obvious reason for designing accessible websites is to increase the number of potential customers that can access the site, but there are other benefits to designing accessible websites. One major benefit is that many of the techniques that make a website work well with accessibility technologies such as screen readers also make it easier for search engines to index, increasing search rankings. There are downsides to creating accessible websites; few web designers are able to design sites that are both accessible and visually impressive. Many techniques commonly used to increase the visual impact of a site make it less accessible. In spite of the difficulties, an accessible website is a worthwhile investment. Business websites should be designed with accessibility for the disabled in mind. Disabled users are potential customers, and an inaccessible website is likely to alienate them, as well as
Education a Continous Process 409
Baxter and Tight (1994) noted in their research that in many countries, people are being encouraged to be "lifelong learners," people who return to school again and again throughout their lives, rather than looking at education as something that ends with graduation from high school or college (Baxter & Tight, 1994). The "Lifelong Learning" movement believes that education should be an important part of people's lives throughout their lives instead of restricting it to childhood and adolescence. The authors interviewed people who had returned to education later in life to see what factors supported or in
The Importance of Writing Well 354
In "The Importance of Writing Well," Nelson Fabian (2001) notes that we constantly communicate with others about ourselves. As we take pride in how others see us, their good impressions of us depend on how well we communicate that we are people worthy of their trust and respect (Fabian, 2001). But at the same time, people who write for business purposes should write with brevity. This can make it hard to include the personal style that will communicate to the reader something about the writer (Anderson, 1997). Other writers n
Effective Techniques in Children's Literature 2482
Robert Munsch is known as a Children's author who writes books that appeal to both kids and adults. His universal appeal makes his books worth considering to determine how he achieves his effects. An analysis of three of Munsch's books will now be completed. These books are Stephanie's Ponytail, Andrew's Loose Tooth, and 50 Below Zero. All three of these books were illustrated by Michael Martchenko. By considering the technique, style, meaning, and humor, some effective techniques in Children's literature will be observed. The technique is similar in all three books, with all three storylines having a similar pattern. The technique is based on establishing repetition, providing a variation on the repetition, and then using the repetition that has been set up to conclude the story with a twist. In Stephanie's Ponytail, the repetition begins as Stephanie tells her mother that she wants a ponytail coming right out the back. When she goes to school with the ponytail, the other k
A Comparison of the Supreme Court's Decisions 1983
Two landmark cases, Bowers v. Hardwick and Lawrence v. Texas, have both set precedent and affected the state of relevant laws in their respective eras, as well as have had a substantial impact on our current laws. These decisions have assisted in shaping the laws of today, primarily in a positive way. Bowers v. Hardwick, decided in 1986, held constitutional a Georgia statute criminalizing sodomy between two consenting male adults. Seventeen years later, the Bowers decision was overruled by Lawrence v. Texas, in which the Supreme Court struck down a Texas state law banning private consensual sex between adults of the same sex. Lawrence has set the current precedent in a decision gay rights groups hailed as historic. This paper will analyze the Court's rulings in both cases, discuss the similarities and differences of the cases, and will conclude with a reflection of whether the decisions have positively or negatively impacted the current laws in place today. In Bowers v. Hardwic
Interpretation Usage in Hamlet 1271
Many consider Shakespeare's "Hamlet" to be the most problematic play ever written (Croxford pp). Leslie Croxford writes in his article, "The Uses of Interpretation in Hamlet" for a 2004 issue of Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, that the play presents inconsistencies that arise from the "variousness" of its medieval and Renaissance sources, from discrepancies between printed version of the drama, and from a host of unresolved thematic and psychological problems, such as the famous question of why Hamlet delays his revenge (Croxford pp). Thus, there are endless interpretations of the play (Croxford pp). T.S. Eliot called Hamlet "the 'Mona Lisa' of literature," and it is true, for no other work has presented more uncertain meanings (Croxford pp). In giving interpretation such significance, Shakespeare had to develop previous versions of the story, thus, when one considers the issue of interpretation in the play, one is also examining a prime example of how tests undergo alte
Why and How the USA Patriot Act Passed 702
The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act was passed soon after September 11. The groundbreaking legislation, which has caused tremendous controversy and outcry among civil rights activists, has become one of the most important pieces of legislation passed in Congress in recent American history. The USA Patriot Act contains previsions included in previous anti-terrorist bills, including one that was passed only one month before September 11. The Patriot Act's provisions strengthen the overall powers of law enforcement, enabling a number of various ex parte surveillance and investigative actions, in lieu of Fourth Amendment rights to due process of law. This means that citizens may be subject to invasions of their privacy, such as through wire tapping, if suspected of being a part of a terrorist organization. However, the extent of the expansion of law enforcement powers the Patriot Act entails can be easily abused, which is why the Act has becom
Seagram Building by Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe 2655
Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe was born in the year 1886 in Aachen, Germany. His father was a stonemason, and the young Mies underwent training under him, after which, at the age of nineteen, he moved on to Berlin. Berlin being a land of numerous opportunities at the time, Mies was able to train under the 'art nouveau' architect and Interior Designer, Bruno Paul. At the age of twenty, Mies van der Rohe was good enough to receive his own first independent commission to build a house for the famous philosopher, Alois Riehl. By the year 1908, Mies started to work for the architect, Peter Behrens, and although he was technically working for this architect, Mies was also studying the architectural styles and ways of the two famous architects of the time, the Prussian Karl Friedrich Schinkel, and Frank Lloyd Wright, and by 1921, Mies was able to open his own studio in Berlin. (Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe, 1886-1969: www.designboom.com) This was the time of the World War I, and soon after the War,
The Job Description of A Budgeting Manager 789
One of the most important functions that budgeting accounts for is the planning function1. We will be arguing for the importance of the planning function in the overall budgeting activity and will be arguing for the many ways the budgeting planning function is coordinating with the company's strategic planning. First of all, the planning function in terms of budgeting refers to the planning activities that the company, starting with the financial department, needs to (1) determine what the company's long-term strategy is, (2) determine what projects bring most added value to the company and (3) determine what priority these projects should have. Let's refer to each of these steps in part and determine how they impact the budgeting strategy of a company. The long-term strategy for a company is essential in determining the overall objective of a company. For the long run, this may be increasing the volume of sales or increasing the market share or promoting the company's image. In any case, these differ in terms of the projects they will imply and the ways they will be affecting the budgeting strategy. For example, increasing sales will perhaps only include in
The Proclamation of Knowledge is Power 1155
We live in a society that proclaims that knowledge is power. This sentiment is often expressed flippantly but it is truer than many realize. Two literary works that illustrate the absolute power of knowledge are "The Tyger," by William Blake and "Desiree's Baby" by Kate Chopin. In "The Tyger," the poet considers the greatness of creation and the weight associated with that kind of knowledge. The poet can see the fierceness in the tiger and, at the same time, the gentleness of the hand that must have created it. In "Desiree's Baby," we see the other side of that coin when the truth is discovered and demands to be reckoned with. Both authors utilize language to emphasize their points and each successfully paints a portrait of mankind that represents the power of knowledge. "The Tyger" contemplates the potential of the power of knowledge and "Desiree's Baby" realizes it in the most heinous of ways. With these works, Blake and Chopin articulate what we mean when we say that knowled
Teaching in Urban Districts 3145
Introduction: The main form of interaction that goes on in schools is between the teachers and the students. Some of the students are difficult or unruly and they present many difficulties for the teachers as the teachers cannot then organize the class and provide the level of quality education that they are capable of. Disruptive students require more attention from teachers and this stops teachers from giving adequate attention to the rest of the class. There are many behavioral problems with students, but there is no method of dealing with such students in United States. Even the solution that can be achieved through disciplinary action has to be determined by the local school board, and then those decisions will have to be implemented by the teachers and the principal. One of the methods through which this can be done is the student parent handbook which is distributed to the students for giving to parents. This may give details of actions that would be taken by the teachers and
Studying Law 2582
What exactly is Law but a well-known and legitimate Profession? According to Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. in an address made to the students of the Boston Law School in the year 1897, a law student must remember certain important points when embarking on a study of law, and he stated that the student must be both pragmatic and also specific. He also said that there are some individuals who feel that the Law in itself is a mystery of sorts, and obscure in its ways, and its various twists and turns, but the fact is, Law is something that those people who are studying it do in order to be able to appear before a judge, or to prevent certain people from having to appear in a Court of Law. Therefore, if one wished to study the Law, then perhaps it would be good to peruse certain important principles that would serve as the background for the study of this profession, also known as 'systematized predictions'. (Holmes, 3) Maybe these principles would help those men who would like to use the L
Aquinas' Natural Law 385
Part One: Aquinas' Natural Law implies divine, immutable, eternal laws. Human beings can know natural law through their faculties of reason; however, not all manmade laws reflect natural law. All natural law is fair and just. Natural law often stands in direct opposition to human law, and human beings also possess animal instincts that can come into conflict with the Natural Law. The Natural Law is at the root of human morality. Only rational creatures, not the animals, are capable of acting in accordance with Natural Law. If animals act in accordance with Natural Law th
Job Description of School Counselors 1019
According to the U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Outlook Handbook, in the broadest sense, counselors assist people with personal, family, educational, mental health, and career decisions and problems. Their duties depend on the individuals they serve and on the settings in which they work. In school settings-elementary through post secondary these professionals are normally called school counselors. Their role is to work with students, including those considered to be at risk and with special needs. They advocate for students and work with other individuals and organizations to promote the academic, career, and personal and social development of children and youths. School counselors help children and youth understand and deal with social, behavioral, and personal problems (U.S. Dept. Labor, 2005). Vocational counselors, also called employment or career counselors, primarily provide career counseling. These individuals are located both within and external to the school se
Law and Theory of Holmes, Corwin and Levi 321
Holmes' "bad man" theory offers insight into the difference between the law and morality. The bad man is not concerned with morality but he is as concerned about the law as any "good" man because in knowing the law, he can avoid getting into trouble. The bad man would lie, cheat, and/or steal if it weren't against the law because he cares not for the morals that underlie laws. In fact, lawmakers, policy makers, and other legal professionals can apply the bad man theory to thei
The Rule of Law: The Social and Philosophical Ideals 648
The rule of law entails the practical manifestation of our social and philosophical ideals: the rule of law is ideals in action. The rule of law allows public standards to be applied to personal behaviors. The rule of law also requires the proper exercise of power by a governing body. The government enforces the law, but no individual is above the law. The principles of law include the following. The government must itself ascribe to the law; the governing body is itself subject to the law and must therefore operate with in the parameters of the law. Second, the government's objective is to create and maintain social order and peace through applying rule of law. However, the government must act fairly when enforcing the law. No individual should be punished if he or she is unaware of the rules. Thus, the third principle entails that rule of law must be spelled out clearly for the public; individuals must be aware of the rules. Finally, all persons who are c
The Purpose and Power of Congress 1237
Congress is the most important representative institution in a government. Each member's primary responsibility is to his or her constituency, and not to the congressional leadership, a party, or even Congress itself. Purpose and Power of Congress The purpose of the congress is agreed by most, is to legislate for the public interest, the public interest however is not agreed on. The Congress was established by the founders of this country, to be the first and most powerful branch of government. One of the first powers given to the congress was to lay and collect taxes. The agreement was to give such a power to the more common branch of government. The second power was to certify national elections. Third, determine who will replace President or Vice President if both are incapacitated. The last is the power to enforce other amendments through legislation. Constraints on the Congress The court noted that in order to forestall the danger of encroachment beyond the legisla
Protecting America from Terrorism 2261
"[D]efeating terrorism must remain one of our intelligence community's core objectives, as widely dispersed terrorist networks will present one of the most serious challenges to US national security interests at home and abroad...." DCI Porter Goss, testifying before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence-- February 16, 2005 Nine days after the horrendous bombing of the Trade Towers on September 11, 2001, President George Bush addressed the Joint Session of Congress and the American People told the watching public that "we are a country awakened to danger and called to defend freedom.    Our grief has turned to anger, and anger to resolution.    Whether we bring our enemies to justice, or bring justice to our enemies, justice will be done...I will not forget this wound to our country or those who inflicted it.    I will not yield; I will not rest; I will not relent in waging this struggle for freedom and security for the American people." As a result of this war on terrori
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